{ "source": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/", "retrieved": "2026-10-17T18:10:27.703Z", "main": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/index.html", "lastUpdated": "18 March 2025", "title": "Planetary Fact Sheet - Metric", "rows": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴kg)", "unit": "10²⁴kg", "anchor": "mass", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.330", "value": 0.33 }, "venus": { "text": "4.87", "value": 4.87 }, "earth": { "text": "5.97", "value": 5.97 }, "moon": { "text": "0.073", "value": 0.073 }, "mars": { "text": "0.642", "value": 0.642 }, "jupiter": { "text": "1898", "value": 1898 }, "saturn": { "text": "568", "value": 568 }, "uranus": { "text": "86.8", "value": 86.8 }, "neptune": { "text": "102", "value": 102 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.0130", "value": 0.013 } } }, { "key": "diameter", "label": "Diameter (km)", "unit": "km", "anchor": "diam", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "4879", "value": 4879 }, "venus": { "text": "12,104", "value": 12104 }, "earth": { "text": "12,756", "value": 12756 }, "moon": { "text": "3475", "value": 3475 }, "mars": { "text": "6792", "value": 6792 }, "jupiter": { "text": "142,984", "value": 142984 }, "saturn": { "text": "120,536", "value": 120536 }, "uranus": { "text": "51,118", "value": 51118 }, "neptune": { "text": "49,528", "value": 49528 }, "pluto": { "text": "2376", "value": 2376 } } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "anchor": "dens", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "5429", "value": 5429 }, "venus": { "text": "5243", "value": 5243 }, "earth": { "text": "5514", "value": 5514 }, "moon": { "text": "3340", "value": 3340 }, "mars": { "text": "3934", "value": 3934 }, "jupiter": { "text": "1326", "value": 1326 }, "saturn": { "text": "687", "value": 687 }, "uranus": { "text": "1270", "value": 1270 }, "neptune": { "text": "1638", "value": 1638 }, "pluto": { "text": "1850", "value": 1850 } } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Gravity (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "anchor": "grav", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "3.7", "value": 3.7 }, "venus": { "text": "8.9", "value": 8.9 }, "earth": { "text": "9.8", "value": 9.8 }, "moon": { "text": "1.6", "value": 1.6 }, "mars": { "text": "3.7", "value": 3.7 }, "jupiter": { "text": "23.1", "value": 23.1 }, "saturn": { "text": "9.0", "value": 9 }, "uranus": { "text": "8.7", "value": 8.7 }, "neptune": { "text": "11.0", "value": 11 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.7", "value": 0.7 } } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape Velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "anchor": "escv", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "4.3", "value": 4.3 }, "venus": { "text": "10.4", "value": 10.4 }, "earth": { "text": "11.2", "value": 11.2 }, "moon": { "text": "2.4", "value": 2.4 }, "mars": { "text": "5.0", "value": 5 }, "jupiter": { "text": "59.5", "value": 59.5 }, "saturn": { "text": "35.5", "value": 35.5 }, "uranus": { "text": "21.3", "value": 21.3 }, "neptune": { "text": "23.5", "value": 23.5 }, "pluto": { "text": "1.3", "value": 1.3 } } }, { "key": "rotationPeriod", "label": "Rotation Period (hours)", "unit": "hours", "anchor": "rotp", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "1407.6", "value": 1407.6 }, "venus": { "text": "-5832.5", "value": -5832.5 }, "earth": { "text": "23.9", "value": 23.9 }, "moon": { "text": "655.7", "value": 655.7 }, "mars": { "text": "24.6", "value": 24.6 }, "jupiter": { "text": "9.9", "value": 9.9 }, "saturn": { "text": "10.7", "value": 10.7 }, "uranus": { "text": "-17.2", "value": -17.2 }, "neptune": { "text": "16.1", "value": 16.1 }, "pluto": { "text": "-153.3", "value": -153.3 } } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of Day (hours)", "unit": "hours", "anchor": "leng", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "4222.6", "value": 4222.6 }, "venus": { "text": "2802.0", "value": 2802 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0", "value": 24 }, "moon": { "text": "708.7", "value": 708.7 }, "mars": { "text": "24.7", "value": 24.7 }, "jupiter": { "text": "9.9", "value": 9.9 }, "saturn": { "text": "10.7", "value": 10.7 }, "uranus": { "text": "17.2", "value": 17.2 }, "neptune": { "text": "16.1", "value": 16.1 }, "pluto": { "text": "153.3", "value": 153.3 } } }, { "key": "distanceFromSun", "label": "Distance from Sun (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "anchor": "dist", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "57.9", "value": 57.9 }, "venus": { "text": "108.2", "value": 108.2 }, "earth": { "text": "149.6", "value": 149.6 }, "moon": { "text": "0.384", "value": 0.384, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "228.0", "value": 228 }, "jupiter": { "text": "778.5", "value": 778.5 }, "saturn": { "text": "1432.0", "value": 1432 }, "uranus": { "text": "2867.0", "value": 2867 }, "neptune": { "text": "4515.0", "value": 4515 }, "pluto": { "text": "5906.4", "value": 5906.4 } } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "anchor": "peri", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "46.0", "value": 46 }, "venus": { "text": "107.5", "value": 107.5 }, "earth": { "text": "147.1", "value": 147.1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.363", "value": 0.363, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "206.7", "value": 206.7 }, "jupiter": { "text": "740.6", "value": 740.6 }, "saturn": { "text": "1357.6", "value": 1357.6 }, "uranus": { "text": "2732.7", "value": 2732.7 }, "neptune": { "text": "4471.1", "value": 4471.1 }, "pluto": { "text": "4436.8", "value": 4436.8 } } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "anchor": "peri", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "69.8", "value": 69.8 }, "venus": { "text": "108.9", "value": 108.9 }, "earth": { "text": "152.1", "value": 152.1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.406", "value": 0.406, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "249.3", "value": 249.3 }, "jupiter": { "text": "816.4", "value": 816.4 }, "saturn": { "text": "1506.5", "value": 1506.5 }, "uranus": { "text": "3001.4", "value": 3001.4 }, "neptune": { "text": "4558.9", "value": 4558.9 }, "pluto": { "text": "7375.9", "value": 7375.9 } } }, { "key": "orbitalPeriod", "label": "Orbital Period (days)", "unit": "days", "anchor": "orbp", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "88.0", "value": 88 }, "venus": { "text": "224.7", "value": 224.7 }, "earth": { "text": "365.2", "value": 365.2 }, "moon": { "text": "27.3", "value": 27.3, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "687.0", "value": 687 }, "jupiter": { "text": "4331", "value": 4331 }, "saturn": { "text": "10,747", "value": 10747 }, "uranus": { "text": "30,589", "value": 30589 }, "neptune": { "text": "59,800", "value": 59800 }, "pluto": { "text": "90,560", "value": 90560 } } }, { "key": "orbitalVelocity", "label": "Orbital Velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "anchor": "orbv", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "47.4", "value": 47.4 }, "venus": { "text": "35.0", "value": 35 }, "earth": { "text": "29.8", "value": 29.8 }, "moon": { "text": "1.0", "value": 1, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "24.1", "value": 24.1 }, "jupiter": { "text": "13.1", "value": 13.1 }, "saturn": { "text": "9.7", "value": 9.7 }, "uranus": { "text": "6.8", "value": 6.8 }, "neptune": { "text": "5.4", "value": 5.4 }, "pluto": { "text": "4.7", "value": 4.7 } } }, { "key": "orbitalInclination", "label": "Orbital Inclination (degrees)", "unit": "degrees", "anchor": "orbi", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "7.0", "value": 7 }, "venus": { "text": "3.4", "value": 3.4 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0", "value": 0 }, "moon": { "text": "5.1", "value": 5.1 }, "mars": { "text": "1.8", "value": 1.8 }, "jupiter": { "text": "1.3", "value": 1.3 }, "saturn": { "text": "2.5", "value": 2.5 }, "uranus": { "text": "0.8", "value": 0.8 }, "neptune": { "text": "1.8", "value": 1.8 }, "pluto": { "text": "17.2", "value": 17.2 } } }, { "key": "orbitalEccentricity", "label": "Orbital Eccentricity", "anchor": "orbe", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.206", "value": 0.206 }, "venus": { "text": "0.007", "value": 0.007 }, "earth": { "text": "0.017", "value": 0.017 }, "moon": { "text": "0.055", "value": 0.055 }, "mars": { "text": "0.094", "value": 0.094 }, "jupiter": { "text": "0.049", "value": 0.049 }, "saturn": { "text": "0.052", "value": 0.052 }, "uranus": { "text": "0.047", "value": 0.047 }, "neptune": { "text": "0.010", "value": 0.01 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.244", "value": 0.244 } } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to Orbit (degrees)", "unit": "degrees", "anchor": "orbo", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.034", "value": 0.034 }, "venus": { "text": "177.4", "value": 177.4 }, "earth": { "text": "23.4", "value": 23.4 }, "moon": { "text": "6.7", "value": 6.7 }, "mars": { "text": "25.2", "value": 25.2 }, "jupiter": { "text": "3.1", "value": 3.1 }, "saturn": { "text": "26.7", "value": 26.7 }, "uranus": { "text": "97.8", "value": 97.8 }, "neptune": { "text": "28.3", "value": 28.3 }, "pluto": { "text": "119.5", "value": 119.5 } } }, { "key": "meanTemperature", "label": "Mean Temperature (C)", "unit": "C", "anchor": "temp", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "167", "value": 167 }, "venus": { "text": "464", "value": 464 }, "earth": { "text": "15", "value": 15 }, "moon": { "text": "-20", "value": -20 }, "mars": { "text": "-65", "value": -65 }, "jupiter": { "text": "-110", "value": -110 }, "saturn": { "text": "-140", "value": -140 }, "uranus": { "text": "-195", "value": -195 }, "neptune": { "text": "-200", "value": -200 }, "pluto": { "text": "-225", "value": -225 } } }, { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface Pressure (bars)", "unit": "bars", "anchor": "surp", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "venus": { "text": "92", "value": 92 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "mars": { "text": "0.01", "value": 0.01 }, "jupiter": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "saturn": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "uranus": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "neptune": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "pluto": { "text": "0.00001", "value": 0.00001 } } }, { "key": "moons", "label": "Number of Moons", "anchor": "sats", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "venus": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "mars": { "text": "2", "value": 2 }, "jupiter": { "text": "95", "value": 95 }, "saturn": { "text": "274", "value": 274 }, "uranus": { "text": "28", "value": 28 }, "neptune": { "text": "16", "value": 16 }, "pluto": { "text": "5", "value": 5 } } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Ring System?", "anchor": "ring", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "venus": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "moon": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "mars": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "jupiter": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "saturn": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "uranus": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "neptune": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "pluto": { "text": "No", "value": null } } }, { "key": "magneticField", "label": "Global Magnetic Field?", "anchor": "magf", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "venus": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "moon": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "mars": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "jupiter": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "saturn": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "uranus": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "neptune": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "pluto": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null } } } ], "notes": ["* - See the Fact Sheet Notes."] }, "ratio": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/planet_table_ratio.html", "lastUpdated": "18 March 2025", "title": "Planetary Fact Sheet - Ratio to Earth Values", "rows": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass", "anchor": "mass", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.0553", "value": 0.0553 }, "venus": { "text": "0.815", "value": 0.815 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.0123", "value": 0.0123 }, "mars": { "text": "0.107", "value": 0.107 }, "jupiter": { "text": "317.8", "value": 317.8 }, "saturn": { "text": "95.2", "value": 95.2 }, "uranus": { "text": "14.5", "value": 14.5 }, "neptune": { "text": "17.1", "value": 17.1 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.0022", "value": 0.0022 } } }, { "key": "diameter", "label": "Diameter", "anchor": "diam", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.383", "value": 0.383 }, "venus": { "text": "0.949", "value": 0.949 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.2724", "value": 0.2724 }, "mars": { "text": "0.532", "value": 0.532 }, "jupiter": { "text": "11.21", "value": 11.21 }, "saturn": { "text": "9.45", "value": 9.45 }, "uranus": { "text": "4.01", "value": 4.01 }, "neptune": { "text": "3.88", "value": 3.88 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.187", "value": 0.187 } } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Density", "anchor": "dens", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.985", "value": 0.985 }, "venus": { "text": "0.951", "value": 0.951 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.606", "value": 0.606 }, "mars": { "text": "0.714", "value": 0.714 }, "jupiter": { "text": "0.241", "value": 0.241 }, "saturn": { "text": "0.125", "value": 0.125 }, "uranus": { "text": "0.230", "value": 0.23 }, "neptune": { "text": "0.297", "value": 0.297 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.336", "value": 0.336 } } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Gravity", "anchor": "grav", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.378", "value": 0.378 }, "venus": { "text": "0.907", "value": 0.907 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.166", "value": 0.166 }, "mars": { "text": "0.377", "value": 0.377 }, "jupiter": { "text": "2.36", "value": 2.36 }, "saturn": { "text": "0.916", "value": 0.916 }, "uranus": { "text": "0.889", "value": 0.889 }, "neptune": { "text": "1.12", "value": 1.12 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.071", "value": 0.071 } } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape Velocity", "anchor": "escv", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.384", "value": 0.384 }, "venus": { "text": "0.926", "value": 0.926 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.213", "value": 0.213 }, "mars": { "text": "0.450", "value": 0.45 }, "jupiter": { "text": "5.32", "value": 5.32 }, "saturn": { "text": "3.17", "value": 3.17 }, "uranus": { "text": "1.90", "value": 1.9 }, "neptune": { "text": "2.10", "value": 2.1 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.116", "value": 0.116 } } }, { "key": "rotationPeriod", "label": "Rotation Period", "anchor": "rotp", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "58.8", "value": 58.8 }, "venus": { "text": "-244", "value": -244 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "27.4", "value": 27.4 }, "mars": { "text": "1.03", "value": 1.03 }, "jupiter": { "text": "0.415", "value": 0.415 }, "saturn": { "text": "0.445", "value": 0.445 }, "uranus": { "text": "-0.720", "value": -0.72 }, "neptune": { "text": "0.673", "value": 0.673 }, "pluto": { "text": "6.41", "value": 6.41 } } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of Day", "anchor": "leng", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "175.9", "value": 175.9 }, "venus": { "text": "116.8", "value": 116.8 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "29.5", "value": 29.5 }, "mars": { "text": "1.03", "value": 1.03 }, "jupiter": { "text": "0.414", "value": 0.414 }, "saturn": { "text": "0.444", "value": 0.444 }, "uranus": { "text": "0.718", "value": 0.718 }, "neptune": { "text": "0.671", "value": 0.671 }, "pluto": { "text": "6.39", "value": 6.39 } } }, { "key": "distanceFromSun", "label": "Distance from Sun", "anchor": "dist", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.387", "value": 0.387 }, "venus": { "text": "0.723", "value": 0.723 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.00257", "value": 0.00257, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "1.52", "value": 1.52 }, "jupiter": { "text": "5.20", "value": 5.2 }, "saturn": { "text": "9.57", "value": 9.57 }, "uranus": { "text": "19.17", "value": 19.17 }, "neptune": { "text": "30.18", "value": 30.18 }, "pluto": { "text": "39.48", "value": 39.48 } } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion", "anchor": "peri", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.313", "value": 0.313 }, "venus": { "text": "0.731", "value": 0.731 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.00247", "value": 0.00247, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "1.41", "value": 1.41 }, "jupiter": { "text": "5.04", "value": 5.04 }, "saturn": { "text": "9.23", "value": 9.23 }, "uranus": { "text": "18.58", "value": 18.58 }, "neptune": { "text": "30.40", "value": 30.4 }, "pluto": { "text": "30.16", "value": 30.16 } } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion", "anchor": "peri", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.459", "value": 0.459 }, "venus": { "text": "0.716", "value": 0.716 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.00267", "value": 0.00267, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "1.64", "value": 1.64 }, "jupiter": { "text": "5.37", "value": 5.37 }, "saturn": { "text": "9.91", "value": 9.91 }, "uranus": { "text": "19.73", "value": 19.73 }, "neptune": { "text": "29.97", "value": 29.97 }, "pluto": { "text": "48.49", "value": 48.49 } } }, { "key": "orbitalPeriod", "label": "Orbital Period", "anchor": "orbp", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.241", "value": 0.241 }, "venus": { "text": "0.615", "value": 0.615 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.0748", "value": 0.0748, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "1.88", "value": 1.88 }, "jupiter": { "text": "11.9", "value": 11.9 }, "saturn": { "text": "29.4", "value": 29.4 }, "uranus": { "text": "83.7", "value": 83.7 }, "neptune": { "text": "163.7", "value": 163.7 }, "pluto": { "text": "247.9", "value": 247.9 } } }, { "key": "orbitalVelocity", "label": "Orbital Velocity", "anchor": "orbv", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "1.59", "value": 1.59 }, "venus": { "text": "1.18", "value": 1.18 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.0343", "value": 0.0343, "note": "*" }, "mars": { "text": "0.808", "value": 0.808 }, "jupiter": { "text": "0.439", "value": 0.439 }, "saturn": { "text": "0.325", "value": 0.325 }, "uranus": { "text": "0.228", "value": 0.228 }, "neptune": { "text": "0.182", "value": 0.182 }, "pluto": { "text": "0.157", "value": 0.157 } } }, { "key": "orbitalEccentricity", "label": "Orbital Eccentricity", "anchor": "orbe", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "12.3", "value": 12.3 }, "venus": { "text": "0.401", "value": 0.401 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "3.29", "value": 3.29 }, "mars": { "text": "5.60", "value": 5.6 }, "jupiter": { "text": "2.93", "value": 2.93 }, "saturn": { "text": "3.38", "value": 3.38 }, "uranus": { "text": "2.74", "value": 2.74 }, "neptune": { "text": "0.677", "value": 0.677 }, "pluto": { "text": "14.6", "value": 14.6 } } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to Orbit", "anchor": "orbo", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0.001", "value": 0.001 }, "venus": { "text": "0.113", "value": 0.113, "note": "*" }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0.285", "value": 0.285 }, "mars": { "text": "1.07", "value": 1.07 }, "jupiter": { "text": "0.134", "value": 0.134 }, "saturn": { "text": "1.14", "value": 1.14 }, "uranus": { "text": "4.17", "value": 4.17, "note": "*" }, "neptune": { "text": "1.21", "value": 1.21 }, "pluto": { "text": "2.58", "value": 2.58, "note": "*" } } }, { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface Pressure", "anchor": "surp", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "venus": { "text": "92", "value": 92 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "mars": { "text": "0.01", "value": 0.01 }, "jupiter": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "saturn": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "uranus": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "neptune": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null, "note": "*" }, "pluto": { "text": "0.00001", "value": 0.00001 } } }, { "key": "moons", "label": "Number of Moons", "anchor": "sats", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "venus": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 }, "moon": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "mars": { "text": "2", "value": 2 }, "jupiter": { "text": "95", "value": 95 }, "saturn": { "text": "274", "value": 274 }, "uranus": { "text": "28", "value": 28 }, "neptune": { "text": "16", "value": 16 }, "pluto": { "text": "5", "value": 5 } } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Ring System?", "anchor": "ring", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "venus": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "moon": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "mars": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "jupiter": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "saturn": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "uranus": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "neptune": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "pluto": { "text": "No", "value": null } } }, { "key": "magneticField", "label": "Global Magnetic Field?", "anchor": "magf", "values": { "mercury": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "venus": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "moon": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "mars": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "jupiter": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "saturn": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "uranus": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "neptune": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "pluto": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null } } } ], "notes": ["* - See the Fact Sheet Notes."] }, "bodies": { "mercury": { "id": "mercury", "name": "Mercury", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html", "lastUpdated": "11 January 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "0.33010", "value": 0.3301 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0553", "value": 0.0553 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "6.083", "value": 6.083 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0562", "value": 0.0562 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "2440.5", "value": 2440.5 }, "earth": { "text": "6378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.383", "value": 0.383 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "2438.3", "value": 2438.3 }, "earth": { "text": "6356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.384", "value": 0.384 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "2439.7", "value": 2439.7 }, "earth": { "text": "6371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.383", "value": 0.383 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.0009", "value": 0.0009 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.269", "value": 0.269 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "5429", "value": 5429 }, "earth": { "text": "5513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.985", "value": 0.985 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Surface gravity (mean) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "3.70", "value": 3.7 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.378", "value": 0.378 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Surface acceleration (eq.) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "3.70", "value": 3.7 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.378", "value": 0.378 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Surface acceleration (pole) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "3.71", "value": 3.71 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.377", "value": 0.377 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "4.3", "value": 4.3 }, "earth": { "text": "11.2", "value": 11.2 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.384", "value": 0.384 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "0.022032", "value": 0.022032 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0553", "value": 0.0553 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.068", "value": 0.068 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.231", "value": 0.231 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.142", "value": 0.142 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.327", "value": 0.327 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-0.613", "value": -0.613 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "9082.7", "value": 9082.7 }, "earth": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "6.674", "value": 6.674 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "439.6", "value": 439.6 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.731", "value": 1.731 } }, { "key": "topographicRange", "label": "Topographic range (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "7", "value": 7 }, "earth": { "text": "20", "value": 20 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.350", "value": 0.35 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.35", "value": 0.35 }, "earth": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.058", "value": 1.058 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "50.3", "value": 50.3 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.055", "value": 0.055 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "57.909", "value": 57.909 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.387", "value": 0.387 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "87.969", "value": 87.969 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.241", "value": 0.241 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "87.968", "value": 87.968 }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.241", "value": 0.241 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "46.000", "value": 46 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.313", "value": 0.313 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "69.818", "value": 69.818 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.459", "value": 0.459 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "115.88", "value": 115.88 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "47.36", "value": 47.36 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.590", "value": 1.59 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "58.97", "value": 58.97 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.947", "value": 1.947 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "38.86", "value": 38.86 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.327", "value": 1.327 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "7.004", "value": 7.004 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.2056", "value": 0.2056 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "12.311", "value": 12.311 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "1407.6", "value": 1407.6 }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "58.785", "value": 58.785 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "4222.6", "value": 4222.6 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "175.942", "value": 175.942 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "0.034", "value": 0.034 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.001", "value": 0.001 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "0.034", "value": 0.034 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.001", "value": 0.001 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "Prehistoric", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "77.3", "value": 77.3 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "221.9", "value": 221.9 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "13.0", "value": 13 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "4.5", "value": 4.5 } }, { "key": "maxVisualMagnitude", "label": "Maximum visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "-2.43", "value": -2.43 } }, { "key": "inferiorConjunctionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at inferior conjunction with Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "91.69", "value": 91.69 } }, { "key": "inferiorConjunctionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at inferior conjunction with Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "11.0", "value": 11 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "0.38709893", "value": 0.38709893 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.20563069", "value": 0.20563069 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "7.00487", "value": 7.00487 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "48.33167", "value": 48.33167 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "77.45645", "value": 77.45645 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "252.25084", "value": 252.25084 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "281.010 - 0.033T", "value": null } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "61.414 - 0.005T", "value": null } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } }, { "key": "tDefinition", "label": "T", "body": { "text": "Julian centuries from reference date", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "magnetosphere": [ { "key": "model", "label": "", "body": { "text": "MESSENGER Model 2010", "value": null } }, { "key": "dipoleFieldStrength", "label": "Dipole field strength", "body": { "text": "0.002 Gauss-Rh³", "value": 0.002 } }, { "key": "dipoleTilt", "label": "Dipole tilt to rotational axis", "body": { "text": "0.0 degrees", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "dipoleOffset", "label": "Dipole Offset", "body": { "text": "0.17 Rh", "value": 0.17 } }, { "key": "surfaceField", "label": "Surface (1 Rh) field strength", "body": { "text": "0.0025 - 0.007 Gauss", "value": null, "range": [0.0025, 0.007] } } ], "magnetosphereCaption": "Mercury Magnetosphere", "magnetosphereNotes": ["Rh denotes Mercurian model radius, here defined to be 2,440 km"], "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface pressure", "body": { "text": "<~5 x 10⁻¹⁵ bar (0.005 picobar)", "value": null, "qualifier": "<~" } }, { "key": "averageTemperature", "label": "Average temperature", "body": { "text": "440 K (167 C) (590-725 K, sunward side)", "value": null } }, { "key": "atmosphereMass", "label": "Total mass of atmosphere", "body": { "text": "<~10000 kg", "value": 10000, "qualifier": "<~" } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Mercury Atmosphere (Exosphere)", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (Column abundances in 10⁶ per cm²):", "gases": [ { "name": "Sodium", "amount": { "text": "12,000-200,000", "value": null, "range": [12000, 200000] }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Magnesium", "amount": { "text": "100,000", "value": 100000 }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Oxygen", "amount": { "text": "<40,000", "value": 40000, "qualifier": "<" }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Hydrogen", "amount": { "text": "5000", "value": 5000 }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Potassium", "amount": { "text": "800-1300", "value": null, "range": [800, 1300] }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Calcium", "amount": { "text": "300-1000", "value": null, "range": [300, 1000] }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Iron", "amount": { "text": "<300", "value": 300, "qualifier": "<" }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Aluminum", "amount": { "text": "15", "value": 15 }, "unit": "10⁶ per cm²", "group": "other" } ], "remarks": [ "possible trace amounts of Argon (Ar), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Water (H₂O), Nitrogen (N₂), Xenon (Xe), Krypton (Kr), Neon (Ne), Helium (He)", "(The atmosphere of Mercury is a surface bounded exosphere, essentially a vacuum. Values for some species can vary with local time or location, these are given as ranges.)" ] }, "footnotes": [] }, "venus": { "id": "venus", "name": "Venus", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html", "lastUpdated": "11 January 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "4.8673", "value": 4.8673 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.815", "value": 0.815 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "92.843", "value": 92.843 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.857", "value": 0.857 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "6051.8", "value": 6051.8 }, "earth": { "text": "6378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.949", "value": 0.949 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "6051.8", "value": 6051.8 }, "earth": { "text": "6356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.952", "value": 0.952 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "6051.8", "value": 6051.8 }, "earth": { "text": "6371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.950", "value": 0.95 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "5243", "value": 5243 }, "earth": { "text": "5513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.951", "value": 0.951 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Surface gravity (mean) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "8.87", "value": 8.87 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.903", "value": 0.903 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Surface acceleration (eq.) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "8.87", "value": 8.87 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.907", "value": 0.907 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Surface acceleration (pole) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "8.87", "value": 8.87 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.902", "value": 0.902 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "10.36", "value": 10.36 }, "earth": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.926", "value": 0.926 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "0.32486", "value": 0.32486 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.815", "value": 0.815 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.77", "value": 0.77 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.6", "value": 2.6 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.689", "value": 0.689 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.59", "value": 1.59 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-4.38", "value": -4.38 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "2601.3", "value": 2601.3 }, "earth": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.911", "value": 1.911 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "226.6", "value": 226.6 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.892", "value": 0.892 } }, { "key": "topographicRange", "label": "Topographic range (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "13", "value": 13 }, "earth": { "text": "20", "value": 20 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.650", "value": 0.65 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.337", "value": 0.337 }, "earth": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.02", "value": 1.02 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "4.458", "value": 4.458 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.004", "value": 0.004 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "0", "value": 0 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "108.210", "value": 108.21 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.723", "value": 0.723 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "224.701", "value": 224.701 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.615", "value": 0.615 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "224.695", "value": 224.695 }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.615", "value": 0.615 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "107.480", "value": 107.48 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.731", "value": 0.731 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "108.941", "value": 108.941 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.716", "value": 0.716 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "583.92", "value": 583.92 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "35.02", "value": 35.02 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.176", "value": 1.176 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "35.26", "value": 35.26 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.164", "value": 1.164 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "34.78", "value": 34.78 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.187", "value": 1.187 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "3.395", "value": 3.395 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0068", "value": 0.0068 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.407", "value": 0.407 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "-5832.6", "value": -5832.6 }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "243.690", "value": 243.69 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "2802.0", "value": 2802 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "116.750", "value": 116.75 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "177.36", "value": 177.36 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "2.64", "value": 2.64 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.113", "value": 0.113 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "Prehistoric", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "38.2", "value": 38.2 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "261.0", "value": 261 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "66.1", "value": 66.1 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "9.7", "value": 9.7 } }, { "key": "maxVisualMagnitude", "label": "Maximum visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "-4.8", "value": -4.8 } }, { "key": "inferiorConjunctionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at inferior conjunction with Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "41.39", "value": 41.39 } }, { "key": "inferiorConjunctionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at inferior conjunction with Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "60.0", "value": 60 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "0.72333199", "value": 0.72333199 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.00677323", "value": 0.00677323 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "3.39471", "value": 3.39471 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "76.68069", "value": 76.68069 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "131.53298", "value": 131.53298 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "181.97973", "value": 181.97973 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "272.76", "value": 272.76 } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "67.16", "value": 67.16 } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface pressure", "body": { "text": "92 bars", "value": 92 } }, { "key": "surfaceDensity", "label": "Surface density", "body": { "text": "~65. kg/m³", "value": 65, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "15.9 km", "value": 15.9 } }, { "key": "atmosphereMass", "label": "Total mass of atmosphere", "body": { "text": "~4.8 x 10²⁰ kg", "value": 480000000000000000000, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "averageTemperature", "label": "Average temperature", "body": { "text": "737 K (464 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "diurnalTemperatureRange", "label": "Diurnal temperature range", "body": { "text": "~0", "value": 0, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "windSpeeds", "label": "Wind speeds", "body": { "text": "0.3 to 1.0 m/s (surface)", "value": null, "range": [0.3, 1] } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "43.45", "value": 43.45 } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Venus Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (near surface, by volume):", "gases": [ { "name": "Carbon Dioxide", "formula": "CO₂", "amount": { "text": "96.5", "value": 96.5 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Nitrogen", "formula": "N₂", "amount": { "text": "3.5", "value": 3.5 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Sulfur Dioxide", "formula": "SO₂", "amount": { "text": "150", "value": 150 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Argon", "formula": "Ar", "amount": { "text": "70", "value": 70 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Water", "formula": "H₂O", "amount": { "text": "20", "value": 20 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Carbon Monoxide", "formula": "CO", "amount": { "text": "17", "value": 17 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Helium", "formula": "He", "amount": { "text": "12", "value": 12 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Neon", "formula": "Ne", "amount": { "text": "7", "value": 7 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" } ], "remarks": [] }, "footnotes": [] }, "earth": { "id": "earth", "name": "Earth", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html", "lastUpdated": "15 November 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "6378.137", "value": 6378.137 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "6356.752", "value": 6356.752 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "6371.000", "value": 6371 } }, { "key": "coreRadius", "label": "Core radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "3485", "value": 3485 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.003353", "value": 0.003353 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "5513", "value": 5513 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Surface gravity (mean) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "9.820", "value": 9.82 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Surface acceleration (eq) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "9.780", "value": 9.78 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Surface acceleration (pole) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "9.832", "value": 9.832 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "11.186", "value": 11.186 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 } }, { "key": "topographicRange", "label": "Topographic range (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "20.4", "value": 20.4 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 } } ], "observational": [], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "1.00000011", "value": 1.00000011 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.01671022", "value": 0.01671022 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "0.00005", "value": 0.00005 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "-11.26064", "value": -11.26064 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "102.94719", "value": 102.94719 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "100.46435", "value": 100.46435 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "0.00 - 0.641T", "value": null } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "90.00 - 0.557T", "value": null } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } }, { "key": "tDefinition", "label": "T", "body": { "text": "Julian centuries from reference date", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "magnetosphere": [ { "key": "model", "label": "Model", "body": { "text": "GSFC-1283", "value": null } }, { "key": "dipoleFieldStrength", "label": "Dipole field strength", "body": { "text": "0.306 Gauss-Re³", "value": 0.306 } }, { "key": "dipoleOffset", "label": "Dipole offset", "body": { "text": "0.076 Re", "value": 0.076 } }, { "key": "surfaceField", "label": "Surface (1 Re) field strength", "body": { "text": "0.24 - 0.66 Gauss", "value": null, "range": [0.24, 0.66] } }, { "key": "geocentricDipole", "label": "Geocentric Dipole", "group": "Geomagnetic Poles - Model WMM2020", "body": { "text": "80.65 N, 72.68 W", "value": null } }, { "key": "magneticNorthPole", "label": "Magnetic North Pole", "group": "Geomagnetic Poles - Model WMM2020", "body": { "text": "86.50 N, 164.04 E", "value": null } } ], "magnetosphereCaption": "Terrestrial Magnetosphere", "magnetosphereNotes": ["Re denotes Earth model radius, here defined to be 6,378 km"], "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface pressure", "body": { "text": "1014 mb", "value": 1014 } }, { "key": "surfaceDensity", "label": "Surface density", "body": { "text": "1.217 kg/m³", "value": 1.217 } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "8.5 km", "value": 8.5 } }, { "key": "atmosphereMass", "label": "Total mass of atmosphere", "body": { "text": "5.1 x 10¹⁸ kg", "value": 5100000000000000000 } }, { "key": "hydrosphereMass", "label": "Total mass of hydrosphere", "body": { "text": "1.4 x 10²¹ kg", "value": 1.4e21 } }, { "key": "averageTemperature", "label": "Average temperature", "body": { "text": "288 K (15 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "diurnalTemperatureRange", "label": "Diurnal temperature range", "body": { "text": "283 K to 293 K (10 to 20 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "windSpeeds", "label": "Wind speeds", "body": { "text": "0 to 100 m/s", "value": null, "range": [0, 100] } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "28.97", "value": 28.97 } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Terrestrial Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (by volume, dry air):", "gases": [ { "name": "Nitrogen", "formula": "N₂", "amount": { "text": "78.08", "value": 78.08 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Oxygen", "formula": "O₂", "amount": { "text": "20.95", "value": 20.95 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Argon", "formula": "Ar", "amount": { "text": "9340", "value": 9340 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Carbon Dioxide", "formula": "CO₂", "amount": { "text": "420", "value": 420 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Neon", "formula": "Ne", "amount": { "text": "18.18", "value": 18.18 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Helium", "formula": "He", "amount": { "text": "5.24", "value": 5.24 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "", "formula": "CH₄", "amount": { "text": "1.94", "value": 1.94 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Krypton", "formula": "Kr", "amount": { "text": "1.14", "value": 1.14 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Hydrogen", "formula": "H₂", "amount": { "text": "0.55", "value": 0.55 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" } ], "remarks": [ "Numbers do not add up to exactly 100% due to roundoff and uncertainty", "Water is highly variable, typically makes up about 1%" ] }, "footnotes": [ "Note that the acceleration values given are for the equator and pole.", "The standard acceleration of gravity for Earth is defined (CODATA 2018) as 9.80665 m/s² (exact)." ] }, "moon": { "id": "moon", "name": "Moon", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html", "lastUpdated": "11 January 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "0.07346", "value": 0.07346 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9724", "value": 5.9724 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0123", "value": 0.0123 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "2.1968", "value": 2.1968 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0203", "value": 0.0203 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "1738.1", "value": 1738.1 }, "earth": { "text": "6378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.2725", "value": 0.2725 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "1736.0", "value": 1736 }, "earth": { "text": "6356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.2731", "value": 0.2731 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "1737.4", "value": 1737.4 }, "earth": { "text": "6371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.2727", "value": 0.2727 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.0012", "value": 0.0012 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.36", "value": 0.36 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "3344", "value": 3344 }, "earth": { "text": "5514", "value": 5514 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.606", "value": 0.606 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Surface gravity (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "1.62", "value": 1.62 }, "earth": { "text": "9.80", "value": 9.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.165", "value": 0.165 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Surface acceleration (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "1.62", "value": 1.62 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.166", "value": 0.166 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "2.38", "value": 2.38 }, "earth": { "text": "11.2", "value": 11.2 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.213", "value": 0.213 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "0.00490", "value": 0.0049 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0123", "value": 0.0123 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.11", "value": 0.11 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.37", "value": 0.37 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.12", "value": 0.12 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.28", "value": 0.28 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-0.08", "value": -0.08 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 }, "earth": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.000", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "270.4", "value": 270.4 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.065", "value": 1.065 } }, { "key": "topographicRange", "label": "Topographic range (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "13", "value": 13 }, "earth": { "text": "20", "value": 20 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.650", "value": 0.65 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.394", "value": 0.394 }, "earth": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.191", "value": 1.191 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "202.7", "value": 202.7 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.187", "value": 0.187 } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "0.3844", "value": 0.3844 } }, { "key": "perigee", "label": "Perigee (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "note": "*", "body": { "text": "0.3633", "value": 0.3633 } }, { "key": "apogee", "label": "Apogee (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "note": "*", "body": { "text": "0.4055", "value": 0.4055 } }, { "key": "revolutionPeriod", "label": "Revolution period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "27.3217", "value": 27.3217 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "29.53", "value": 29.53 } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "1.022", "value": 1.022 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "1.082", "value": 1.082 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "0.970", "value": 0.97 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Inclination to ecliptic (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "5.145", "value": 5.145 } }, { "key": "inclinationToEarthEquator", "label": "Inclination to Earth equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "18.28 - 28.58", "value": null, "range": [18.28, 28.58] } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0549", "value": 0.0549 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "655.720", "value": 655.72 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "6.68", "value": 6.68 } }, { "key": "recessionRate", "label": "Recession rate from Earth (cm/yr)", "unit": "cm/yr", "body": { "text": "3.8", "value": 3.8 } } ], "orbitalCaption": "(for orbit about the Earth)", "observational": [ { "key": "oppositionDistanceEquator", "label": "Distance from Earth (equator, km)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "378,000", "value": 378000 } }, { "key": "oppositionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "1896", "value": 1896 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "body": { "text": "-12.74", "value": -12.74 } } ], "atmosphere": [ { "key": "diurnalTemperatureRange", "label": "Diurnal temperature range (equator)", "body": { "text": "95 K to 390 K (~ -290 F to +240 F)", "value": null } }, { "key": "atmosphereMass", "label": "Total mass of atmosphere", "body": { "text": "~25,000 kg", "value": 25000, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface pressure (night)", "body": { "text": "3 x 10⁻¹⁵ bar (2 x 10⁻¹² torr)", "value": null } }, { "key": "surfaceAbundance", "label": "Abundance at surface", "body": { "text": "2 x 10⁵ particles/cm³", "value": 200000 } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Lunar Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Estimated Composition (night, particles per cubic cm):", "gases": [ { "name": "Helium 4", "formula": "⁴He", "amount": { "text": "40,000", "value": 40000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Neon 20", "formula": "²⁰Ne", "amount": { "text": "40,000", "value": 40000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Hydrogen", "formula": "H₂", "amount": { "text": "35,000", "value": 35000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Argon 40", "formula": "⁴⁰Ar", "amount": { "text": "30,000", "value": 30000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Neon 22", "formula": "²²Ne", "amount": { "text": "5,000", "value": 5000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Argon 36", "formula": "³⁶Ar", "amount": { "text": "2,000", "value": 2000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Methane", "amount": { "text": "1000", "value": 1000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Ammonia", "amount": { "text": "1000", "value": 1000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Carbon Dioxide", "formula": "CO₂", "amount": { "text": "1000", "value": 1000 }, "unit": "particles per cubic cm", "group": "other" } ], "remarks": [ "Trace Oxygen (O⁺), Aluminum (Al⁺), Silicon (Si⁺)", "Possible Phosphorus (P⁺), Sodium (Na⁺), Magnesium (Mg⁺)", "Composition of the tenuous lunar atmosphere is poorly known and variable, these are estimates of the upper limits of the nighttime ambient atmosphere composition. Daytime levels were difficult to measure due to heating and outgassing of Apollo surface experiments." ] }, "footnotes": [ "* These represent mean apogee and perigee for the lunar orbit, and were used for calculating the maximum and minimum velocities. The orbit changes over the course of the year so the distance from the Moon to Earth roughly ranges from 357,000 km to 407,000 km, giving velocities ranging from 1.100 to 0.966 km/s." ] }, "mars": { "id": "mars", "name": "Mars", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html", "lastUpdated": "19 May 2025", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "0.64169", "value": 0.64169 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.107", "value": 0.107 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "16.312", "value": 16.312 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.151", "value": 0.151 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "3396.2", "value": 3396.2 }, "earth": { "text": "6378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.532", "value": 0.532 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "3376.2", "value": 3376.2 }, "earth": { "text": "6356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.531", "value": 0.531 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "3389.5", "value": 3389.5 }, "earth": { "text": "6371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.532", "value": 0.532 } }, { "key": "coreRadius", "label": "Core radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "1830", "value": 1830, "note": "**" }, "earth": { "text": "3485", "value": 3485 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.525", "value": 0.525 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.00589", "value": 0.00589 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.76", "value": 1.76 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "3934", "value": 3934 }, "earth": { "text": "5513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.714", "value": 0.714 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Surface gravity (mean) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "3.73", "value": 3.73 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.380", "value": 0.38 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Surface acceleration (eq) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "3.69", "value": 3.69 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.377", "value": 0.377 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Surface acceleration (pole) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "3.73", "value": 3.73 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.379", "value": 0.379 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "5.03", "value": 5.03 }, "earth": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.450", "value": 0.45 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "0.042828", "value": 0.042828 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.107", "value": 0.107 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.250", "value": 0.25 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.850", "value": 0.85 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.170", "value": 0.17 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.392", "value": 0.392 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-1.60", "value": -1.6 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "586.2", "value": 586.2 }, "earth": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.431", "value": 0.431 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "209.8", "value": 209.8 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.826", "value": 0.826 } }, { "key": "topographicRange", "label": "Topographic range (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "30", "value": 30 }, "earth": { "text": "20", "value": 20 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.500", "value": 1.5 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.366", "value": 0.366 }, "earth": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.106", "value": 1.106 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "1960.45", "value": 1960.45 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.811", "value": 1.811 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "2", "value": 2 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "227.956", "value": 227.956 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.524", "value": 1.524 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "686.980", "value": 686.98 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.881", "value": 1.881 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "note": "*", "body": { "text": "686.972", "value": 686.972 }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.881", "value": 1.881 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "206.650", "value": 206.65 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.405", "value": 1.405 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "249.261", "value": 249.261 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.639", "value": 1.639 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "779.94", "value": 779.94 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "24.08", "value": 24.08 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.809", "value": 0.809 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "26.50", "value": 26.5 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.875", "value": 0.875 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "21.97", "value": 21.97 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.750", "value": 0.75 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.848", "value": 1.848 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0935", "value": 0.0935 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "5.599", "value": 5.599 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "24.6229", "value": 24.6229 }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.029", "value": 1.029 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "24.6597", "value": 24.6597 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.027", "value": 1.027 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "25.19", "value": 25.19 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.075", "value": 1.075 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "25.19", "value": 25.19 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.075", "value": 1.075 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "Prehistoric", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "54.6", "value": 54.6 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "401.4", "value": 401.4 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "25.6", "value": 25.6 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "3.5", "value": 3.5 } }, { "key": "oppositionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "78.34", "value": 78.34 } }, { "key": "oppositionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "17.8", "value": 17.8 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "body": { "text": "-2.0", "value": -2 } }, { "key": "maxApparentMagnitude", "label": "Maximum apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "-2.94", "value": -2.94 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "1.52366231", "value": 1.52366231 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.09341233", "value": 0.09341233 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.85061", "value": 1.85061 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "49.57854", "value": 49.57854 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "336.04084", "value": 336.04084 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "355.45332", "value": 355.45332 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "317.681 - 0.106T", "value": null } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "52.887 - 0.061T", "value": null } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } }, { "key": "tDefinition", "label": "T", "body": { "text": "Julian centuries from reference date", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface pressure", "body": { "text": "6.36 mb at mean radius (variable from 4.0 to 8.7 mb depending on season) [6.9 mb to 9 mb (Viking 1 Lander site)]", "value": null } }, { "key": "surfaceDensity", "label": "Surface density", "body": { "text": "~0.016 +/- 0.006 kg/m³", "value": null, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "11.0 km", "value": 11 } }, { "key": "atmosphereMass", "label": "Total mass of atmosphere", "body": { "text": "~2.5 x 10¹⁶ kg", "value": 25000000000000000, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "averageTemperature", "label": "Average temperature", "body": { "text": "~214 K (-59 C)", "value": null, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "diurnalTemperatureRange", "label": "Diurnal temperature range", "body": { "text": "184 K to 242 K (-89 to -31 C) (Viking 1 Lander site)", "value": null } }, { "key": "windSpeeds", "label": "Wind speeds", "body": { "text": "2-7 m/s (summer), 5-10 m/s (fall), 17-30 m/s (dust storm) (Viking Lander sites)", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "43.49", "value": 43.49 } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Martian Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (by volume):", "gases": [ { "name": "Carbon Dioxide", "formula": "CO₂", "amount": { "text": "95.1", "value": 95.1 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Nitrogen", "formula": "N₂", "amount": { "text": "2.59", "value": 2.59 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Argon", "formula": "Ar", "amount": { "text": "1.94", "value": 1.94 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Oxygen", "formula": "O₂", "amount": { "text": "0.16", "value": 0.16 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Carbon Monoxide", "formula": "CO", "amount": { "text": "0.06", "value": 0.06 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Water", "formula": "H₂O", "amount": { "text": "210", "value": 210 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Nitrogen Oxide", "formula": "NO", "amount": { "text": "100", "value": 100 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Neon", "formula": "Ne", "amount": { "text": "2.5", "value": 2.5 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Hydrogen-Deuterium-Oxygen", "formula": "HDO", "amount": { "text": "0.85", "value": 0.85 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Krypton", "formula": "Kr", "amount": { "text": "0.3", "value": 0.3 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Xenon", "formula": "Xe", "amount": { "text": "0.08", "value": 0.08 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" } ], "remarks": [] }, "satellites": [ { "caption": "Satellites of Mars", "satellites": [ { "name": "Phobos", "rows": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (km)", "unit": "km", "note": "*", "body": { "text": "9378", "value": 9378 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "0.31891", "value": 0.31891 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "0.31891", "value": 0.31891 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.08", "value": 1.08 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0151", "value": 0.0151 } }, { "key": "subplanetaryRadius", "label": "Subplanetary axis radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "13.0", "value": 13 } }, { "key": "alongOrbitRadius", "label": "Along-orbit axis radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "11.4", "value": 11.4 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar axis radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "9.1", "value": 9.1 } }, { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10¹⁵ kg)", "unit": "10¹⁵ kg", "body": { "text": "10.6", "value": 10.6 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "1900", "value": 1900 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.07", "value": 0.07 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "Visual magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "+11.8", "value": 11.8 } }, { "key": "apparentMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude (V₀)", "body": { "text": "11.3", "value": 11.3 } } ] }, { "name": "Deimos", "rows": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (km)", "unit": "km", "note": "*", "body": { "text": "23459", "value": 23459 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "1.26244", "value": 1.26244 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "1.26244", "value": 1.26244 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.79", "value": 1.79 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0005", "value": 0.0005 } }, { "key": "subplanetaryRadius", "label": "Subplanetary axis radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "7.8", "value": 7.8 } }, { "key": "alongOrbitRadius", "label": "Along-orbit axis radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "6.0", "value": 6 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar axis radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "5.1", "value": 5.1 } }, { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10¹⁵ kg)", "unit": "10¹⁵ kg", "body": { "text": "2.4", "value": 2.4 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "1750", "value": 1750 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.08", "value": 0.08 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "Visual magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "+12.89", "value": 12.89 } }, { "key": "apparentMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude (V₀)", "body": { "text": "12.40", "value": 12.4 } } ] } ], "notes": ["*Mean orbital distance from the center of Mars."] } ], "footnotes": [ "** Recent results indicate the radius of the core of Mars may only be 1650 - 1675 km.", "* Mean value - the tropical orbit period for Mars can vary from this by up to 0.004 days depending on the initial point of the orbit." ] }, "jupiter": { "id": "jupiter", "name": "Jupiter", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html", "lastUpdated": "2 October 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "1,898.13", "value": 1898.13 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "317.83", "value": 317.83 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "143,128", "value": 143128 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "1321.33", "value": 1321.33 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (1 bar level) (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "71,492", "value": 71492 }, "earth": { "text": "6,378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "11.209", "value": 11.209 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "66,854", "value": 66854 }, "earth": { "text": "6,356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "10.517", "value": 10.517 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "69,911", "value": 69911 }, "earth": { "text": "6,371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "10.973", "value": 10.973 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity", "body": { "text": "0.06487", "value": 0.06487 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "19.36", "value": 19.36 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "1,326", "value": 1326 }, "earth": { "text": "5,513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.241", "value": 0.241 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Gravity (mean, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "25.92", "value": 25.92 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.640", "value": 2.64 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Acceleration (eq., 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "23.12", "value": 23.12 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.364", "value": 2.364 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Acceleration (pole, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "27.01", "value": 27.01 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.748", "value": 2.748 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "59.5", "value": 59.5 }, "earth": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "ratio": { "text": "5.32", "value": 5.32 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "126.687", "value": 126.687 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "317.83", "value": 317.83 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.343", "value": 0.343 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.17", "value": 1.17 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.538", "value": 0.538 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.24", "value": 1.24 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-9.40", "value": -9.4 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "50.26", "value": 50.26 }, "earth": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.037", "value": 0.037 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "109.9", "value": 109.9 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.433", "value": 0.433 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.254", "value": 0.254 }, "earth": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.768", "value": 0.768 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "14,736", "value": 14736 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "13.611", "value": 13.611 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "95", "value": 95 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "778.479", "value": 778.479 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "5.204", "value": 5.204 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "4,332.589", "value": 4332.589 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "11.862", "value": 11.862 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "4,330.595", "value": 4330.595 }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 }, "ratio": { "text": "11.857", "value": 11.857 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "740.595", "value": 740.595 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "5.035", "value": 5.035 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "816.363", "value": 816.363 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "5.367", "value": 5.367 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "398.88", "value": 398.88 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "13.06", "value": 13.06 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.439", "value": 0.439 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "13.72", "value": 13.72 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.453", "value": 0.453 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "12.44", "value": 12.44 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.425", "value": 0.425 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.304", "value": 1.304 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0487", "value": 0.0487 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.916", "value": 2.916 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "9.9250", "value": 9.925, "note": "*" }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.415", "value": 0.415 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "9.9259", "value": 9.9259 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.414", "value": 0.414 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "3.13", "value": 3.13 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.134", "value": 0.134 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "3.13", "value": 3.13 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.134", "value": 0.134 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "Prehistoric", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "588.5", "value": 588.5 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "968.5", "value": 968.5 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "50.1", "value": 50.1 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "30.5", "value": 30.5 } }, { "key": "oppositionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "628.81", "value": 628.81 } }, { "key": "oppositionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "46.9", "value": 46.9 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "body": { "text": "-2.7", "value": -2.7 } }, { "key": "maxApparentMagnitude", "label": "Maximum apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "-2.94", "value": -2.94 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "5.20336301", "value": 5.20336301 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.04839266", "value": 0.04839266 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.30530", "value": 1.3053 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "100.55615", "value": 100.55615 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "14.75385", "value": 14.75385 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "34.40438", "value": 34.40438 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "268.057 - 0.006T", "value": null } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "64.495 + 0.002T", "value": null } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } }, { "key": "tDefinition", "label": "T", "body": { "text": "Julian centuries from reference date", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "magnetosphere": [ { "key": "model", "label": "Model", "body": { "text": "GSFC-O₆", "value": null } }, { "key": "dipoleFieldStrength", "label": "Dipole field strength", "body": { "text": "4.30 Gauss-Rj³", "value": 4.3 } }, { "key": "dipoleTilt", "label": "Dipole tilt to rotational axis", "body": { "text": "9.4 degrees", "value": 9.4 } }, { "key": "tiltLongitude", "label": "Longitude of tilt", "body": { "text": "200.1 degrees", "value": 200.1 } }, { "key": "dipoleOffset", "label": "Dipole offset", "body": { "text": "0.119 Rj", "value": 0.119 } }, { "key": "surfaceField", "label": "Surface (1 Rj) field strength", "body": { "text": "4.0 - 13.0 Gauss", "value": null, "range": [4, 13] } } ], "magnetosphereCaption": "Jovian Magnetosphere", "magnetosphereNotes": ["Rj denotes Jovian model radius, defined here to be 71,398 km"], "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface Pressure", "body": { "text": ">>1000 bars", "value": 1000, "qualifier": ">>" } }, { "key": "temperatureAt1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "165 K (-108 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "temperatureAt0p1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 0.1 bar", "body": { "text": "112 K (-161 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "densityAt1Bar", "label": "Density at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "0.16 kg/m³", "value": 0.16 } }, { "key": "windSpeeds", "label": "Wind speeds", "body": { "text": "Up to 150 m/s (<30 degrees latitude) Up to 40 m/s (>30 degrees latitude)", "value": null } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "27 km", "value": 27 } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "2.22", "value": 2.22 } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Jovian Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (by volume, uncertainty in parentheses)", "gases": [ { "name": "Molecular hydrogen", "formula": "H₂", "amount": { "text": "89.8", "value": 89.8 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "2.0%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Helium", "formula": "He", "amount": { "text": "10.2", "value": 10.2 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "2.0%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Methane", "formula": "CH₄", "amount": { "text": "3000", "value": 3000 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "1000", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Ammonia", "formula": "NH₃", "amount": { "text": "260", "value": 260 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "40", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Hydrogen Deuteride", "formula": "HD", "amount": { "text": "28", "value": 28 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "10", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Ethane", "formula": "C₂H₆", "amount": { "text": "5.8", "value": 5.8 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "1.5", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Water", "formula": "H₂O", "amount": { "text": "4", "value": 4 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "varies with pressure", "group": "minor" } ], "remarks": ["Aerosols: Ammonia ice, water ice, ammonia hydrosulfide"] }, "footnotes": ["* System III (1965.0) coordinates"], "rings": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupringfact.html", "lastUpdated": "14 October 2015", "headers": [ "Radius (km)", "Radius/Eq. radius", "Thickness (km)", "Optical Depth", "Albedo", "Surf. Density (g/cm²)" ], "rings": [ { "name": "Jupiter Equator", "radius": { "text": "71,492", "value": 71492 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.000", "value": 1 }, "columns": {} }, { "name": "Halo", "radius": { "text": "89,400 - 123,000", "value": null, "range": [89400, 123000] }, "ratio": { "text": "1.25 - 1.72", "value": null, "range": [1.25, 1.72] }, "columns": { "Thickness (km)": { "text": "~10,000", "value": 10000, "qualifier": "~" }, "Optical Depth": { "text": "3 x 10⁻⁶", "value": 0.000003 } } }, { "name": "Main Ring", "radius": { "text": "123,000 - 128,940", "value": null, "range": [123000, 128940] }, "ratio": { "text": "1.72 - 1.80", "value": null, "range": [1.72, 1.8] }, "columns": { "Thickness (km)": { "text": "<~100", "value": 100, "qualifier": "<~" }, "Optical Depth": { "text": "5 x 10⁻⁶", "value": 0.000005 }, "Albedo": { "text": "~0.015", "value": 0.015, "qualifier": "~" }, "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "5 x 10⁻⁶", "value": 0.000005 } } }, { "name": "Amalthea Ring", "radius": { "text": "128,940 - 181,350", "value": null, "range": [128940, 181350] }, "ratio": { "text": "1.80 - 2.54", "value": null, "range": [1.8, 2.54] }, "columns": { "Thickness (km)": { "text": "2,600", "value": 2600 }, "Optical Depth": { "text": "1 x 10⁻⁷", "value": 1e-7 } } }, { "name": "Thebe Ring", "radius": { "text": "181,350 - 221,900", "value": null, "range": [181350, 221900] }, "ratio": { "text": "2.54 - 3.10", "value": null, "range": [2.54, 3.1] }, "columns": { "Thickness (km)": { "text": "8,800", "value": 8800 }, "Optical Depth": { "text": "1 x 10⁻⁷", "value": 1e-7 } } }, { "name": "Thebe Extension", "radius": { "text": "221,900 - 280,000", "value": null, "range": [221900, 280000] }, "ratio": { "text": "3.10 - 3.92", "value": null, "range": [3.1, 3.92] }, "columns": { "Thickness (km)": { "text": "8,800", "value": 8800 }, "Optical Depth": { "text": "1 x 10⁻⁷", "value": 1e-7 } } } ], "notes": [ "For more details on the rings of Jupiter, see the PDS Rings Node Vital Statistics." ] } }, "saturn": { "id": "saturn", "name": "Saturn", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html", "lastUpdated": "18 March 2025", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "568.32", "value": 568.32 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "95.16", "value": 95.16 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "82,713", "value": 82713 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "763.59", "value": 763.59 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (1 bar level) (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "60,268", "value": 60268 }, "earth": { "text": "6,378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "9.449", "value": 9.449 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (1 bar level) (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "54,364", "value": 54364 }, "earth": { "text": "6,356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "8.552", "value": 8.552 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "58,232", "value": 58232 }, "earth": { "text": "6,371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "9.140", "value": 9.14 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.09796", "value": 0.09796 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "29.24", "value": 29.24 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "687", "value": 687 }, "earth": { "text": "5,513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.125", "value": 0.125 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Gravity (mean, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.140", "value": 1.14 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Acceleration (eq., 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "8.96", "value": 8.96 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.916", "value": 0.916 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Acceleration (pole, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "12.14", "value": 12.14 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.235", "value": 1.235 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "35.5", "value": 35.5 }, "earth": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.172", "value": 3.172 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "37.931", "value": 37.931 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "95.16", "value": 95.16 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.342", "value": 0.342 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.16", "value": 1.16 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.499", "value": 0.499 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.15", "value": 1.15 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-8.91", "value": -8.91 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "14.82", "value": 14.82 }, "earth": { "text": "1,361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.011", "value": 0.011 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "81.0", "value": 81 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.319", "value": 0.319 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.210", "value": 0.21 }, "earth": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.635", "value": 0.635 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "16,298.", "value": 16298 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "15.054", "value": 15.054 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "274", "value": 274 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "1,432.041", "value": 1432.041 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "9.573", "value": 9.573 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "10,755.699", "value": 10755.699 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "29.447", "value": 29.447 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "10,746.940", "value": 10746.94 }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 }, "ratio": { "text": "29.424", "value": 29.424 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "1,357.554", "value": 1357.554 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "9.229", "value": 9.229 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "1,506.527", "value": 1506.527 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "9.905", "value": 9.905 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "378.09", "value": 378.09 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "9.67", "value": 9.67 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.325", "value": 0.325 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "10.14", "value": 10.14 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.335", "value": 0.335 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "9.14", "value": 9.14 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.312", "value": 0.312 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "2.486", "value": 2.486 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0520", "value": 0.052 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.114", "value": 3.114 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "10.656", "value": 10.656, "note": "*" }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.445", "value": 0.445 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "10.656", "value": 10.656 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.444", "value": 0.444 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "26.73", "value": 26.73 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.140", "value": 1.14 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "Prehistoric", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "1205.5", "value": 1205.5 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "1658.6", "value": 1658.6 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "19.9", "value": 19.9 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "14.5", "value": 14.5 } }, { "key": "oppositionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "1277.13", "value": 1277.13 } }, { "key": "oppositionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "18.8", "value": 18.8 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "body": { "text": "0.7", "value": 0.7 } }, { "key": "maxApparentMagnitude", "label": "Maximum apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "0.43", "value": 0.43 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitudeWithRings", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition including rings", "body": { "text": "0.05", "value": 0.05 } }, { "key": "maxApparentMagnitudeWithRings", "label": "Maximum apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "-0.55", "value": -0.55 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "9.53707032", "value": 9.53707032 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.05415060", "value": 0.0541506 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "2.48446", "value": 2.48446 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "113.71504", "value": 113.71504 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "92.43194", "value": 92.43194 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "49.94432", "value": 49.94432 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "40.589 - 0.036T", "value": null } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "83.537 - 0.004T", "value": null } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } }, { "key": "tDefinition", "label": "T", "body": { "text": "Julian centuries from reference date", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "magnetosphere": [ { "key": "model", "label": "Model", "body": { "text": "GSFC-Z₃", "value": null } }, { "key": "dipoleFieldStrength", "label": "Dipole field strength", "body": { "text": "0.215 Gauss-Rs³", "value": 0.215 } }, { "key": "dipoleTilt", "label": "Dipole tilt to rotational axis", "body": { "text": "0.0", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "dipoleOffset", "label": "Dipole offset", "body": { "text": "0.038 Rs", "value": 0.038 } }, { "key": "surfaceField", "label": "Surface (1 Rs) field strength", "body": { "text": "0.18 - 0.84 Gauss", "value": null, "range": [0.18, 0.84] } } ], "magnetosphereCaption": "Saturnian Magnetosphere", "magnetosphereNotes": [ "Saturn's magnetic field has significant quadrapole and octapole moments, making approximation of the central field as an offset dipole difficult.", "Rs denotes Saturnian model radius, defined here to be 60,330 km" ], "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface Pressure", "body": { "text": ">>1000 bars", "value": 1000, "qualifier": ">>" } }, { "key": "temperatureAt1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "134 K (-139 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "temperatureAt0p1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 0.1 bar", "body": { "text": "84 K (-189 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "densityAt1Bar", "label": "Density at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "0.19 kg/m³", "value": 0.19 } }, { "key": "windSpeeds", "label": "Wind speeds", "body": { "text": "Up to 400 m/s (<30 degrees latitude) Up to 150 m/s (>30 degrees latitude)", "value": null } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "59.5 km", "value": 59.5 } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "2.07", "value": 2.07 } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Saturnian Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (by volume, uncertainty in parentheses)", "gases": [ { "name": "Molecular hydrogen", "formula": "H₂", "amount": { "text": "96.3", "value": 96.3 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "2.4%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Helium", "formula": "He", "amount": { "text": "3.25", "value": 3.25 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "2.4%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Methane", "formula": "CH₄", "amount": { "text": "4500", "value": 4500 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "2000", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Ammonia", "formula": "NH₃", "amount": { "text": "125", "value": 125 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "75", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Hydrogen Deuteride", "formula": "HD", "amount": { "text": "110", "value": 110 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "58", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Ethane", "formula": "C₂H₆", "amount": { "text": "7", "value": 7 }, "unit": "ppm", "uncertainty": "1.5", "group": "minor" } ], "remarks": ["Aerosols: Ammonia ice, water ice, ammonia hydrosulfide"] }, "footnotes": ["* Saturnian System III coordinates"], "rings": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/satringfact.html", "lastUpdated": "19 April 2022", "headers": [ "Radius (km)", "Radius/Eq. radius", "Optical Depth", "Albedo", "Thickness (m)", "Surf. Density (g/cm²)", "Eccentricity" ], "rings": [ { "name": "Saturn Equator", "radius": { "text": "60,268", "value": 60268 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.000", "value": 1 }, "columns": {} }, { "name": "D inner edge", "radius": { "text": "66,900", "value": 66900 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.110", "value": 1.11 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "10⁻⁵", "value": 0.00001 } } }, { "name": "D outer edge", "radius": { "text": "74,510", "value": 74510 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.236", "value": 1.236 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "10⁻⁵", "value": 0.00001 } } }, { "name": "C inner edge", "radius": { "text": "74,658", "value": 74658 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.239", "value": 1.239 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.05 - 0.35", "value": null, "range": [0.05, 0.35] }, "Albedo": { "text": "0.12 - 0.30", "value": null, "range": [0.12, 0.3] }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "5", "value": 5 }, "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "1.4 - 5", "value": null, "range": [1.4, 5] } } }, { "name": "Titan ringlet", "radius": { "text": "77,871", "value": 77871 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.292", "value": 1.292 }, "columns": { "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "17", "value": 17 }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.00026", "value": 0.00026 } } }, { "name": "Maxwell gap/ringlet", "radius": { "text": "87,491", "value": 87491 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.452", "value": 1.452 }, "columns": { "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "17", "value": 17 }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.00034", "value": 0.00034 } } }, { "name": "C outer edge", "radius": { "text": "91,975", "value": 91975 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.526", "value": 1.526 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.05 - 0.35", "value": null, "range": [0.05, 0.35] }, "Albedo": { "text": "0.2", "value": 0.2 }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "5", "value": 5 }, "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "2 - 7", "value": null, "range": [2, 7] } } }, { "name": "B inner edge", "radius": { "text": "91,975", "value": 91975 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.526", "value": 1.526 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.4 - 2.5", "value": null, "range": [0.4, 2.5] }, "Albedo": { "text": "0.4 - 0.6", "value": null, "range": [0.4, 0.6] }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "5 - 10", "value": null, "range": [5, 10] }, "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "20 - 100", "value": null, "range": [20, 100] } } }, { "name": "B outer edge", "radius": { "text": "117,507", "value": 117507 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.950", "value": 1.95 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.4 - 2.5", "value": null, "range": [0.4, 2.5] } } }, { "name": "Cassini division", "radius": { "text": "", "value": null }, "ratio": { "text": "", "value": null }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0 - 0.1", "value": null, "range": [0, 0.1] }, "Albedo": { "text": "0.2 - 0.4", "value": null, "range": [0.2, 0.4] }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "20", "value": 20 }, "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "18 - 20", "value": null, "range": [18, 20] } } }, { "name": "A inner edge", "radius": { "text": "122,340", "value": 122340 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.030", "value": 2.03 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.4 - 1.0", "value": null, "range": [0.4, 1] }, "Albedo": { "text": "0.4 - 0.6", "value": null, "range": [0.4, 0.6] }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "10 - 30", "value": null, "range": [10, 30] }, "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "30 - 40", "value": null, "range": [30, 40] } } }, { "name": "Encke gap", "radius": { "text": "133,410", "value": 133410 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.214", "value": 2.214 }, "columns": {} }, { "name": "Keeler gap", "radius": { "text": "136,487", "value": 136487 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.265", "value": 2.265 }, "columns": {} }, { "name": "A outer edge", "radius": { "text": "136,780", "value": 136780 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.270", "value": 2.27 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.4 - 1.0", "value": null, "range": [0.4, 1] }, "Albedo": { "text": "0.4 - 0.6", "value": null, "range": [0.4, 0.6] }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "10 - 30", "value": null, "range": [10, 30] }, "Surf. Density (g/cm²)": { "text": "20 - 30", "value": null, "range": [20, 30] } } }, { "name": "F ring", "radius": { "text": "139,826", "value": 139826 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.320", "value": 2.32 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.1", "value": 0.1 }, "Albedo": { "text": "0.6", "value": 0.6 }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0026", "value": 0.0026 } } }, { "name": "G inner edge", "radius": { "text": "166,000", "value": 166000 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.754", "value": 2.754 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "10⁻⁶", "value": 0.000001 }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "10⁵", "value": 100000 } } }, { "name": "G outer edge", "radius": { "text": "173,000", "value": 173000 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.874", "value": 2.874 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "10⁻⁶", "value": 0.000001 } } }, { "name": "E inner edge", "radius": { "text": "180,000", "value": 180000 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.987", "value": 2.987 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "10⁻⁶", "value": 0.000001 }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "10⁷", "value": 10000000 } } }, { "name": "E outer edge", "radius": { "text": "480,000", "value": 480000 }, "ratio": { "text": "7.964", "value": 7.964 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "10⁻⁶", "value": 0.000001 }, "Thickness (m)": { "text": "10⁷", "value": 10000000 } } } ], "notes": [ "Rings, ringlets and gaps of width less than 1000 km are listed by inner edge radius.", "For more details on the rings and a full listing of all small ringlets and very faint rings, see the PDS Rings Node Vital Statistics." ] } }, "uranus": { "id": "uranus", "name": "Uranus", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranusfact.html", "lastUpdated": "2 October 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "86.811", "value": 86.811 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "14.54", "value": 14.54 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "6,833", "value": 6833 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "63.08", "value": 63.08 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (1 bar level) (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "25,559", "value": 25559 }, "earth": { "text": "6,378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "4.007", "value": 4.007 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (1 bar level) (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "24,973", "value": 24973 }, "earth": { "text": "6,356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.929", "value": 3.929 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "25,362", "value": 25362 }, "earth": { "text": "6,371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.981", "value": 3.981 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.02293", "value": 0.02293 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "6.84", "value": 6.84 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "1,270", "value": 1270 }, "earth": { "text": "5,513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.230", "value": 0.23 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Gravity (mean, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "9.01", "value": 9.01 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.918", "value": 0.918 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Acceleration (eq., 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "8.69", "value": 8.69 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.889", "value": 0.889 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Acceleration (pole, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "9.19", "value": 9.19 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.935", "value": 0.935 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "21.3", "value": 21.3 }, "earth": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.903", "value": 1.903 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "5.7940", "value": 5.794 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "14.54", "value": 14.54 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.300", "value": 0.3 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.020", "value": 1.02 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.488", "value": 0.488 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.12", "value": 1.12 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-7.11", "value": -7.11 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "3.69", "value": 3.69 }, "earth": { "text": "1,361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0027", "value": 0.0027 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "58.1", "value": 58.1 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.229", "value": 0.229 } }, { "key": "momentOfInertia", "label": "Moment of inertia (I/MR²)", "body": { "text": "0.225", "value": 0.225 }, "earth": { "text": "0.3308", "value": 0.3308 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.680", "value": 0.68 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "3343.43", "value": 3343.43 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.088", "value": 3.088 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "28", "value": 28 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "2,867.043", "value": 2867.043 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "19.165", "value": 19.165 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "30,685.400", "value": 30685.4 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "84.011", "value": 84.011 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "30,588.740", "value": 30588.74 }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 }, "ratio": { "text": "83.749", "value": 83.749 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "2,732.696", "value": 2732.696 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "18.578", "value": 18.578 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "3,001.390", "value": 3001.39 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "19.733", "value": 19.733 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "369.66", "value": 369.66 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "6.79", "value": 6.79 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.228", "value": 0.228 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "7.13", "value": 7.13 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.235", "value": 0.235 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "6.49", "value": 6.49 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.222", "value": 0.222 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "0.770", "value": 0.77 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0469", "value": 0.0469 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.808", "value": 2.808 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "-17.24", "value": -17.24, "note": "*" }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.720", "value": 0.72 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "17.24", "value": 17.24 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.718", "value": 0.718 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "97.77", "value": 97.77 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "82.23", "value": 82.23 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.508", "value": 3.508 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "William Herschel", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "13 March 1781", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "2580.6", "value": 2580.6 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "3153.5", "value": 3153.5 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "4.1", "value": 4.1 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "3.3", "value": 3.3 } }, { "key": "oppositionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "2721.37", "value": 2721.37 } }, { "key": "oppositionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "3.8", "value": 3.8 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "body": { "text": "5.57", "value": 5.57 } }, { "key": "maxApparentMagnitude", "label": "Maximum apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "5.38", "value": 5.38 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "19.19126393", "value": 19.19126393 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.04716771", "value": 0.04716771 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "0.76986", "value": 0.76986 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "74.22988", "value": 74.22988 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "170.96424", "value": 170.96424 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "313.23218", "value": 313.23218 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "257.311", "value": 257.311 } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "-15.175", "value": -15.175 } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "magnetosphere": [ { "key": "model", "label": "Model", "body": { "text": "GSFC-O₃", "value": null } }, { "key": "dipoleFieldStrength", "label": "Dipole field strength", "body": { "text": "0.228 Gauss-Ru³", "value": 0.228 } }, { "key": "dipoleTilt", "label": "Dipole tilt to rotational axis", "body": { "text": "58.6 degrees", "value": 58.6 } }, { "key": "tiltLongitude", "label": "Longitude of tilt", "body": { "text": "53.6 degrees", "value": 53.6 } }, { "key": "dipoleOffset", "label": "Dipole offset", "body": { "text": "0.352 Ru", "value": 0.352 } }, { "key": "surfaceField", "label": "Surface (1 Ru) field strength", "body": { "text": "~0.1 - 1.0 Gauss", "value": null, "qualifier": "~", "range": [0.1, 1] } } ], "magnetosphereCaption": "Uranian Magnetosphere", "magnetosphereNotes": ["Ru denotes Uranian model radius, here defined to be 25,600 km"], "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface Pressure", "body": { "text": ">>1000 bars", "value": 1000, "qualifier": ">>" } }, { "key": "temperatureAt1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "76 K (-197 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "temperatureAt0p1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 0.1 bar", "body": { "text": "53 K (-220 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "densityAt1Bar", "label": "Density at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "0.42 kg/m³", "value": 0.42 } }, { "key": "windSpeeds", "label": "Wind speeds", "body": { "text": "0-250 m/s", "value": null, "range": [0, 250] } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "27.7 km", "value": 27.7 } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "2.64", "value": 2.64 } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Uranian Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (by volume, uncertainty in parentheses)", "gases": [ { "name": "Molecular hydrogen", "formula": "H₂", "amount": { "text": "82.5", "value": 82.5 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "3.3%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Helium", "formula": "He", "amount": { "text": "15.2", "value": 15.2 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "3.3%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Methane", "formula": "CH₄", "amount": { "text": "2.3", "value": 2.3 }, "unit": "%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Hydrogen Deuteride", "formula": "HD", "amount": { "text": "148", "value": 148 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" } ], "remarks": ["Aerosols: Ammonia ice, water ice, ammonia hydrosulfide, methane ice(?)"] }, "footnotes": [ "* Magnetic coordinates (as determined by the Voyager 2 Radio Science experiment)" ], "rings": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/uranringfact.html", "lastUpdated": "14 October 2015", "headers": [ "Radius (km)", "Radius/Eq. radius", "Optical Depth", "Albedo (x 10⁻³)", "Width (km)", "Eccentricity" ], "rings": [ { "name": "Uranus equator", "radius": { "text": "25,559", "value": 25559 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.000", "value": 1 }, "columns": {} }, { "name": "6", "radius": { "text": "41,837", "value": 41837 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.637", "value": 1.637 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.3", "value": 0.3, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "1.5", "value": 1.5 }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0010", "value": 0.001 } } }, { "name": "5", "radius": { "text": "42,234", "value": 42234 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.652", "value": 1.652 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.5", "value": 0.5, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~2", "value": 2, "qualifier": "~" }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0019", "value": 0.0019 } } }, { "name": "4", "radius": { "text": "42,571", "value": 42571 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.666", "value": 1.666 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.3", "value": 0.3, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~2", "value": 2, "qualifier": "~" }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0011", "value": 0.0011 } } }, { "name": "Alpha", "radius": { "text": "44,718", "value": 44718 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.750", "value": 1.75 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.4", "value": 0.4, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "4 - 10", "value": null, "range": [4, 10] }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0008", "value": 0.0008 } } }, { "name": "Beta", "radius": { "text": "45,661", "value": 45661 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.786", "value": 1.786 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.3", "value": 0.3, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "5 - 11", "value": null, "range": [5, 11] }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0004", "value": 0.0004 } } }, { "name": "Eta", "radius": { "text": "47,176", "value": 47176 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.834", "value": 1.834 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.4-", "value": 0.4, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "1.6", "value": 1.6 } } }, { "name": "Gamma", "radius": { "text": "47,627", "value": 47627 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.863", "value": 1.863 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.3+", "value": 0.3, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "1 - 4", "value": null, "range": [1, 4] }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0011", "value": 0.0011 } } }, { "name": "Delta", "radius": { "text": "48,300", "value": 48300 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.900", "value": 1.9 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.5", "value": 0.5, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "3 - 7", "value": null, "range": [3, 7] }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0004", "value": 0.0004 } } }, { "name": "Lambda", "radius": { "text": "50,024", "value": 50024 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.957", "value": 1.957 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.1", "value": 0.1, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~2", "value": 2, "qualifier": "~" }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.", "value": 0 } } }, { "name": "Epsilon", "radius": { "text": "51,149", "value": 51149 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.006", "value": 2.006 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.5-2.3", "value": null, "range": [0.5, 2.3] }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~18", "value": 18, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "20 - 96", "value": null, "range": [20, 96] }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.0079", "value": 0.0079 } } }, { "name": "R/2003 U 2", "radius": { "text": "67,300", "value": 67300 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.633", "value": 2.633 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "<<0.01", "value": 0.01, "qualifier": "<<" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "3,800", "value": 3800 }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.", "value": 0 } } }, { "name": "R/2003 U 1", "radius": { "text": "97,700", "value": 97700 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.823", "value": 3.823 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "<<0.01", "value": 0.01, "qualifier": "<<" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "17,000", "value": 17000 }, "Eccentricity": { "text": "0.", "value": 0 } } } ], "notes": [ "For more details on the rings of Uranus, see the PDS Rings Node Vital Statistics." ] } }, "neptune": { "id": "neptune", "name": "Neptune", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neptunefact.html", "lastUpdated": "3 October 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "102.409", "value": 102.409 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "17.15", "value": 17.15 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "6,254", "value": 6254 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "57.74", "value": 57.74 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (1 bar level) (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "24,764", "value": 24764 }, "earth": { "text": "6,378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.883", "value": 3.883 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (1 bar level) (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "24,341", "value": 24341 }, "earth": { "text": "6,356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.829", "value": 3.829 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "24,622", "value": 24622 }, "earth": { "text": "6,371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.865", "value": 3.865 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.01708", "value": 0.01708 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "5.10", "value": 5.1 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "1,638", "value": 1638 }, "earth": { "text": "5,513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.297", "value": 0.297 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Gravity (mean, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "11.27", "value": 11.27 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.15", "value": 1.15 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Acceleration (eq., 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "11.00", "value": 11 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.12", "value": 1.12 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Acceleration (pole, 1 bar) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "11.41", "value": 11.41 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.16", "value": 1.16 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "23.5", "value": 23.5 }, "earth": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.10", "value": 2.1 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "6.8351", "value": 6.8351 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "17.15", "value": 17.15 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.290", "value": 0.29 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.99", "value": 0.99 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.442", "value": 0.442 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.02", "value": 1.02 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-6.94", "value": -6.94 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "1.508", "value": 1.508 }, "earth": { "text": "1,361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0011", "value": 0.0011 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "46.6", "value": 46.6 }, "earth": { "text": "254.3", "value": 254.3 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.183", "value": 0.183 } }, { "key": "j2", "label": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "unit": "x 10⁻⁶", "body": { "text": "3411.", "value": 3411 }, "earth": { "text": "1082.63", "value": 1082.63 }, "ratio": { "text": "3.151", "value": 3.151 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "16", "value": 16 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "Yes", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4,514.953", "value": 4514.953 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "30.178", "value": 30.178 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "60,189.018", "value": 60189.018 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "164.79", "value": 164.79 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "59,799.900", "value": 59799.9 }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 }, "ratio": { "text": "163.73", "value": 163.73 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4,471.050", "value": 4471.05 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "30.396", "value": 30.396 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4,558.857", "value": 4558.857 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "29.973", "value": 29.973 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "367.49", "value": 367.49 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "5.45", "value": 5.45 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.183", "value": 0.183 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "5.47", "value": 5.47 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.181", "value": 0.181 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "5.37", "value": 5.37 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.183", "value": 0.183 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.770", "value": 1.77 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0097", "value": 0.0097 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.581", "value": 0.581 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "16.11", "value": 16.11, "note": "*" }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.673", "value": 0.673 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "16.11", "value": 16.11 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.671", "value": 0.671 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "28.32", "value": 28.32 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.208", "value": 1.208 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "28.32", "value": 28.32 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.208", "value": 1.208 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "Johann Gottfried Galle (based on predictions by John Couch Adams and Urbain Leverrier)", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "23 September 1846", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4319.0", "value": 4319 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4711.0", "value": 4711 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "2.4", "value": 2.4 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "2.2", "value": 2.2 } }, { "key": "oppositionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4348.66", "value": 4348.66 } }, { "key": "oppositionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "2.3", "value": 2.3 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "body": { "text": "7.7", "value": 7.7 } }, { "key": "maxApparentMagnitude", "label": "Maximum apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "7.67", "value": 7.67 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "30.06896348", "value": 30.06896348 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.00858587", "value": 0.00858587 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "1.76917", "value": 1.76917 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "131.72169", "value": 131.72169 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "44.97135", "value": 44.97135 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean Longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "304.88003", "value": 304.88003 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "299.36 + 0.70 sin N", "value": null } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "43.46 - 0.51 cos N", "value": null } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } }, { "key": "nDefinition", "label": "N", "body": { "text": "357.85 + 52.316T degrees", "value": null } }, { "key": "tDefinition", "label": "T", "body": { "text": "Julian centuries from reference date", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "North Pole of Rotation", "magnetosphere": [ { "key": "model", "label": "Model", "body": { "text": "GSFC-O₈", "value": null } }, { "key": "dipoleFieldStrength", "label": "Dipole field strength", "body": { "text": "0.142 Gauss-Rn³", "value": 0.142 } }, { "key": "dipoleTilt", "label": "Dipole tilt to rotational axis", "body": { "text": "46.9 degrees", "value": 46.9 } }, { "key": "tiltLongitude", "label": "Longitude of tilt", "body": { "text": "288 degrees (IAU convention)", "value": 288 } }, { "key": "dipoleOffset", "label": "Dipole offset", "body": { "text": "0.485 Rn", "value": 0.485 } }, { "key": "surfaceField", "label": "Surface (1 Rn) field strength", "body": { "text": "~0.1 - 0.9 Gauss", "value": null, "qualifier": "~", "range": [0.1, 0.9] } } ], "magnetosphereCaption": "Neptunian Magnetosphere", "magnetosphereNotes": ["Rn denotes Neptunian model radius, here defined to be 24,765 km"], "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface Pressure", "body": { "text": ">>1000 bars", "value": 1000, "qualifier": ">>" } }, { "key": "temperatureAt1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "72 K (-201 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "temperatureAt0p1Bar", "label": "Temperature at 0.1 bar", "body": { "text": "55 K (-218 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "densityAt1Bar", "label": "Density at 1 bar", "body": { "text": "0.45 kg/m³", "value": 0.45 } }, { "key": "windSpeeds", "label": "Wind speeds", "body": { "text": "0-580 m/s", "value": null, "range": [0, 580] } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "19.1 - 20.3 km", "value": null, "range": [19.1, 20.3] } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "2.53 - 2.69", "value": null, "range": [2.53, 2.69] } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Neptunian Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition (by volume, uncertainty in parentheses)", "gases": [ { "name": "Molecular hydrogen", "formula": "H₂", "amount": { "text": "80.0", "value": 80 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "3.2%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Helium", "formula": "He", "amount": { "text": "19.0", "value": 19 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "3.2%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Methane", "formula": "CH₄", "amount": { "text": "1.5", "value": 1.5 }, "unit": "%", "uncertainty": "0.5%", "group": "major" }, { "name": "Hydrogen Deuteride", "formula": "HD", "amount": { "text": "192", "value": 192 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" }, { "name": "Ethane", "formula": "C₂H₆", "amount": { "text": "1.5", "value": 1.5 }, "unit": "ppm", "group": "minor" } ], "remarks": ["Aerosols: Ammonia ice, water ice, ammonia hydrosulfide, methane ice(?)"] }, "footnotes": [ "* Magnetic coordinates (as determined by the Voyager 2 Radio Science experiment)" ], "rings": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/nepringfact.html", "lastUpdated": "14 October 2015", "headers": [ "Radius (km)", "Radius/Eq. radius", "Optical Depth", "Albedo (x 10⁻³)", "Width (km)" ], "rings": [ { "name": "Neptune equator", "radius": { "text": "24,766", "value": 24766 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.000", "value": 1 }, "columns": {} }, { "name": "Galle (1989N3R)", "radius": { "text": "~41,900", "value": 41900, "qualifier": "~" }, "ratio": { "text": "1.692", "value": 1.692 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.0001", "value": 0.0001, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~2000", "value": 2000, "qualifier": "~" } } }, { "name": "LeVerrier (1989N2R)", "radius": { "text": "~53,200", "value": 53200, "qualifier": "~" }, "ratio": { "text": "2.148", "value": 2.148 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.01", "value": 0.01, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "< 100", "value": 100, "qualifier": "<" } } }, { "name": "Lassell (1989N4R*)", "radius": { "text": "~53,200", "value": 53200, "qualifier": "~" }, "ratio": { "text": "2.148", "value": 2.148 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "~0.0001", "value": 0.0001, "qualifier": "~" }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~4000", "value": 4000, "qualifier": "~" } } }, { "name": "Arago (1989N4R*)", "radius": { "text": "~57,200", "value": 57200, "qualifier": "~" }, "ratio": { "text": "2.310", "value": 2.31 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "< 100", "value": 100, "qualifier": "<" } } }, { "name": "Unnamed (indistinct)", "radius": { "text": "61,953", "value": 61953 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.501", "value": 2.501 }, "columns": {} }, { "name": "Adams (1989N1R)", "radius": { "text": "62,933", "value": 62933 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.541", "value": 2.541 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.01 - 0.1", "value": null, "range": [0.01, 0.1] }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" } } }, { "name": "Courage", "radius": { "text": "62,933", "value": 62933 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.541", "value": 2.541 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.12", "value": 0.12 }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" } }, "group": "Arcs in Adams Ring" }, { "name": "Liberté", "radius": { "text": "62,933", "value": 62933 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.541", "value": 2.541 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.12", "value": 0.12 }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" } }, "group": "Arcs in Adams Ring" }, { "name": "Egalité 1", "radius": { "text": "62,933", "value": 62933 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.541", "value": 2.541 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.12", "value": 0.12 }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~40", "value": 40, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" } }, "group": "Arcs in Adams Ring" }, { "name": "Egalité 2", "radius": { "text": "62,933", "value": 62933 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.541", "value": 2.541 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.12", "value": 0.12 }, "Albedo (x 10⁻³)": { "text": "~40", "value": 40, "qualifier": "~" }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" } }, "group": "Arcs in Adams Ring" }, { "name": "Fraternité", "radius": { "text": "62,933", "value": 62933 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.541", "value": 2.541 }, "columns": { "Optical Depth": { "text": "0.12", "value": 0.12 }, "Width (km)": { "text": "~15", "value": 15, "qualifier": "~" } }, "group": "Arcs in Adams Ring" } ], "notes": [ "(*Lassell and Arago were originally identified as one ring, designated 1989N4R)", "For more details on the rings of Neptune, see the PDS Rings Node Vital Statistics." ] } }, "pluto": { "id": "pluto", "name": "Pluto", "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/plutofact.html", "lastUpdated": "11 January 2024", "bulk": [ { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "unit": "10²⁴ kg", "body": { "text": "0.01303", "value": 0.01303 }, "earth": { "text": "5.9722", "value": 5.9722 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0022", "value": 0.0022 } }, { "key": "volume", "label": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "unit": "10¹⁰ km³", "body": { "text": "0.702", "value": 0.702 }, "earth": { "text": "108.321", "value": 108.321 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0065", "value": 0.0065 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "1188", "value": 1188 }, "earth": { "text": "6378.1", "value": 6378.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.186", "value": 0.186 } }, { "key": "polarRadius", "label": "Polar radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "1188", "value": 1188 }, "earth": { "text": "6356.8", "value": 6356.8 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.187", "value": 0.187 } }, { "key": "meanRadius", "label": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "1188", "value": 1188 }, "earth": { "text": "6371.0", "value": 6371 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.186", "value": 0.186 } }, { "key": "flattening", "label": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "body": { "text": "0.0000", "value": 0 }, "earth": { "text": "0.00335", "value": 0.00335 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "1854", "value": 1854 }, "earth": { "text": "5513", "value": 5513 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.336", "value": 0.336 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Surface Gravity (mean) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "0.62", "value": 0.62 }, "earth": { "text": "9.82", "value": 9.82 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.063", "value": 0.063 } }, { "key": "accelEquator", "label": "Surface acceleration (eq.) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "0.62", "value": 0.62 }, "earth": { "text": "9.78", "value": 9.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.063", "value": 0.063 } }, { "key": "accelPole", "label": "Surface acceleration (pole) (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "0.62", "value": 0.62 }, "earth": { "text": "9.83", "value": 9.83 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.063", "value": 0.063 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "1.21", "value": 1.21 }, "earth": { "text": "11.19", "value": 11.19 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.108", "value": 0.108 } }, { "key": "gm", "label": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "unit": "x 10⁶ km³/s²", "body": { "text": "0.000870", "value": 0.00087 }, "earth": { "text": "0.39860", "value": 0.3986 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.0022", "value": 0.0022 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond albedo", "body": { "text": "0.72", "value": 0.72 }, "earth": { "text": "0.294", "value": 0.294 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.45", "value": 2.45 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric albedo", "body": { "text": "0.52", "value": 0.52 }, "earth": { "text": "0.434", "value": 0.434 }, "ratio": { "text": "1.2", "value": 1.2 } }, { "key": "vMagnitude", "label": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "body": { "text": "-1.0", "value": -1 }, "earth": { "text": "-3.99", "value": -3.99 } }, { "key": "solarIrradiance", "label": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "unit": "W/m²", "body": { "text": "0.873", "value": 0.873 }, "earth": { "text": "1361.0", "value": 1361 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.00064", "value": 0.00064 } }, { "key": "blackBodyTemperature", "label": "Black-body temperature (K)", "unit": "K", "body": { "text": "37.5", "value": 37.5 }, "earth": { "text": "254.0", "value": 254 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.147", "value": 0.147 } }, { "key": "satellites", "label": "Number of natural satellites", "body": { "text": "5", "value": 5 }, "earth": { "text": "1", "value": 1 } }, { "key": "ringSystem", "label": "Planetary ring system", "body": { "text": "No", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "No", "value": null } } ], "orbital": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "5869.656", "value": 5869.656 }, "earth": { "text": "149.598", "value": 149.598 }, "ratio": { "text": "39.236", "value": 39.236 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "90,560", "value": 90560 }, "earth": { "text": "365.256", "value": 365.256 }, "ratio": { "text": "247.94", "value": 247.94 } }, { "key": "tropicalPeriod", "label": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "Unknown", "value": null }, "earth": { "text": "365.242", "value": 365.242 } }, { "key": "perihelion", "label": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4434.987", "value": 4434.987 }, "earth": { "text": "147.095", "value": 147.095 }, "ratio": { "text": "30.150", "value": 30.15 } }, { "key": "aphelion", "label": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "7304.326", "value": 7304.326 }, "earth": { "text": "152.100", "value": 152.1 }, "ratio": { "text": "48.023", "value": 48.023 } }, { "key": "synodicPeriod", "label": "Synodic period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "366.73", "value": 366.73 }, "earth": { "text": "-", "value": null } }, { "key": "meanOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "4.64", "value": 4.64 }, "earth": { "text": "29.78", "value": 29.78 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.156", "value": 0.156 } }, { "key": "maxOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "6.10", "value": 6.1 }, "earth": { "text": "30.29", "value": 30.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.201", "value": 0.201 } }, { "key": "minOrbitalVelocity", "label": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "3.71", "value": 3.71 }, "earth": { "text": "29.29", "value": 29.29 }, "ratio": { "text": "0.127", "value": 0.127 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "17.16", "value": 17.16 }, "earth": { "text": "0.000", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbit eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.2444", "value": 0.2444 }, "earth": { "text": "0.0167", "value": 0.0167 }, "ratio": { "text": "14.635", "value": 14.635 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "-153.2928", "value": -153.2928 }, "earth": { "text": "23.9345", "value": 23.9345 }, "ratio": { "text": "6.405", "value": 6.405 } }, { "key": "dayLength", "label": "Length of day (hrs)", "unit": "hrs", "body": { "text": "153.2820", "value": 153.282 }, "earth": { "text": "24.0000", "value": 24 }, "ratio": { "text": "6.387", "value": 6.387 } }, { "key": "obliquity", "label": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "119.51", "value": 119.51 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 } }, { "key": "equatorInclination", "label": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "57.47", "value": 57.47 }, "earth": { "text": "23.44", "value": 23.44 }, "ratio": { "text": "2.452", "value": 2.452 } } ], "observational": [ { "key": "discoverer", "label": "Discoverer", "body": { "text": "Clyde Tombaugh", "value": null } }, { "key": "discoveryDate", "label": "Discovery Date", "body": { "text": "18 February 1930", "value": null } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMin", "label": "Minimum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "4284.7", "value": 4284.7 } }, { "key": "distanceFromEarthMax", "label": "Maximum (10⁶ km)", "group": "Distance from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "7528.0", "value": 7528 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMax", "label": "Maximum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "0.11", "value": 0.11 } }, { "key": "apparentDiameterMin", "label": "Minimum (seconds of arc)", "group": "Apparent diameter from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "0.06", "value": 0.06 } }, { "key": "oppositionDistance", "label": "Distance from Earth (10⁶ km)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "10⁶ km", "body": { "text": "5756.78", "value": 5756.78 } }, { "key": "oppositionDiameter", "label": "Apparent diameter (seconds of arc)", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "unit": "seconds of arc", "body": { "text": "0.08", "value": 0.08 } }, { "key": "oppositionMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "group": "Mean values at opposition from Earth", "body": { "text": "15.1", "value": 15.1 } }, { "key": "maxApparentMagnitude", "label": "Maximum apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "13.65", "value": 13.65 } } ], "elements": [ { "key": "semimajorAxisAU", "label": "Semimajor axis (AU)", "unit": "AU", "body": { "text": "39.48168677", "value": 39.48168677 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.24880766", "value": 0.24880766 } }, { "key": "inclination", "label": "Orbital inclination (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "17.14175", "value": 17.14175 } }, { "key": "ascendingNode", "label": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "110.30347", "value": 110.30347 } }, { "key": "perihelionLongitude", "label": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "224.06676", "value": 224.06676 } }, { "key": "meanLongitude", "label": "Mean longitude (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "238.92881", "value": 238.92881 } } ], "pole": [ { "key": "ra", "label": "Right Ascension", "body": { "text": "132.99", "value": 132.99 } }, { "key": "dec", "label": "Declination", "body": { "text": "-6.16", "value": -6.16 } }, { "key": "referenceDate", "label": "Reference Date", "body": { "text": "12:00 UT 1 Jan 2000 (JD 2451545.0)", "value": null } } ], "poleCaption": "Positive Pole of Rotation", "atmosphere": [ { "key": "surfacePressure", "label": "Surface Pressure", "body": { "text": "~13 microbar", "value": 13, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "surfaceTemperature", "label": "Surface temperature", "body": { "text": "24 - 38 K (-247 - -233 C)", "value": null } }, { "key": "scaleHeight", "label": "Scale height", "body": { "text": "~18 km lower atmosphere, ~50 km above 30 km", "value": null, "qualifier": "~" } }, { "key": "meanMolecularWeight", "label": "Mean molecular weight", "body": { "text": "~28", "value": 28, "qualifier": "~" } } ], "atmosphereCaption": "Pluto Atmosphere", "composition": { "basis": "Atmospheric composition:", "gases": [ { "name": "Nitrogen", "formula": "N₂", "amount": { "text": "99", "value": 99 }, "unit": "%", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Methane", "formula": "CH₄", "amount": { "text": "0.5", "value": 0.5 }, "unit": "%", "group": "other" }, { "name": "Carbon Monoxide", "formula": "CO", "amount": { "text": "0.05", "value": 0.05 }, "unit": "%", "group": "other" } ], "remarks": ["trace HCN, C₂Hₓ hydrocarbons"] }, "satellites": [ { "caption": "Charon (P1)", "satellites": [ { "name": "Charon (P1)", "rows": [ { "key": "meanDistance", "label": "Mean distance from Pluto (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "19,596", "value": 19596 } }, { "key": "siderealPeriod", "label": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "6.3872", "value": 6.3872 } }, { "key": "siderealRotation", "label": "Sidereal rotation period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "6.3872", "value": 6.3872 } }, { "key": "inclinationToPluto", "label": "Orbital inclination to Pluto (deg)", "unit": "deg", "body": { "text": "0.00005", "value": 0.00005 } }, { "key": "eccentricity", "label": "Orbital eccentricity", "body": { "text": "0.0", "value": 0 } }, { "key": "equatorialRadius", "label": "Equatorial radius (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "606", "value": 606 } }, { "key": "mass", "label": "Mass (10²¹ kg)", "unit": "10²¹ kg", "body": { "text": "1.586", "value": 1.586 } }, { "key": "density", "label": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "unit": "kg/m³", "body": { "text": "1700", "value": 1700 } }, { "key": "gravity", "label": "Surface gravity (m/s²)", "unit": "m/s²", "body": { "text": "0.29", "value": 0.29 } }, { "key": "escapeVelocity", "label": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "unit": "km/s", "body": { "text": "0.59", "value": 0.59 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric Albedo", "body": { "text": "0.42", "value": 0.42 } }, { "key": "bondAlbedo", "label": "Bond Albedo", "body": { "text": "0.25", "value": 0.25 } }, { "key": "apparentMagnitude", "label": "Apparent visual magnitude", "body": { "text": "16.8", "value": 16.8 } } ] } ], "notes": [] }, { "caption": "Other Moons of Pluto", "satellites": [ { "name": "Styx (P5)", "rows": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semi-Major Axis (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "42,413", "value": 42413 } }, { "key": "orbitalPeriod", "label": "Orbital Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "20.16", "value": 20.16 } }, { "key": "rotationPeriod", "label": "Rotation Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "3.24", "value": 3.24 } }, { "key": "meanDiameter", "label": "Mean Diameter (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "10.5", "value": 10.5 } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric Albedo", "body": { "text": "0.65", "value": 0.65 } } ] }, { "name": "Nix (P2)", "rows": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semi-Major Axis (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "48,690", "value": 48690 } }, { "key": "orbitalPeriod", "label": "Orbital Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "24.85", "value": 24.85 } }, { "key": "rotationPeriod", "label": "Rotation Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "1.83", "value": 1.83 } }, { "key": "meanDiameter", "label": "Mean Diameter (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "48.4 x 33.8 x 31.4", "value": null } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric Albedo", "body": { "text": "0.56", "value": 0.56 } } ] }, { "name": "Kerberos (P4)", "rows": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semi-Major Axis (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "57,750", "value": 57750 } }, { "key": "orbitalPeriod", "label": "Orbital Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "32.17", "value": 32.17 } }, { "key": "rotationPeriod", "label": "Rotation Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "5.31", "value": 5.31 } }, { "key": "meanDiameter", "label": "Mean Diameter (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "19 x 10 x 9", "value": null } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric Albedo", "body": { "text": "0.56", "value": 0.56 } } ] }, { "name": "Hydra (P3)", "rows": [ { "key": "semimajorAxis", "label": "Semi-Major Axis (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "64,721", "value": 64721 } }, { "key": "orbitalPeriod", "label": "Orbital Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "38.20", "value": 38.2 } }, { "key": "rotationPeriod", "label": "Rotation Period (days)", "unit": "days", "body": { "text": "0.43", "value": 0.43 } }, { "key": "meanDiameter", "label": "Mean Diameter (km)", "unit": "km", "body": { "text": "62.0 x 36.5 x 29.3", "value": null } }, { "key": "geometricAlbedo", "label": "Geometric Albedo", "body": { "text": "0.83", "value": 0.83 } } ] } ], "notes": ["Orbital values are barycentric"] } ], "footnotes": [] } }, "definitions": { "pages": { "main": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/planetfact_notes.html", "lastUpdated": "20 December 2021" }, "ratio": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/planetfact_ratio_notes.html", "lastUpdated": "17 July 2015" }, "sheet": { "url": "https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/fact_notes.html", "lastUpdated": "6 May 2024" } }, "main": { "mass": { "term": "Mass (10²⁴kg or 10²¹tons)", "text": "This is the mass of the planet in septillion (1 followed by 24 zeros) kilograms or sextillion (1 followed by 21 zeros) tons. Strictly speaking tons are measures of weight, not mass, but are used here to represent the mass of one ton of material under Earth gravity." }, "diameter": { "term": "Diameter (km or miles)", "text": "The diameter of the planet at the equator, the distance through the center of the planet from one point on the equator to the opposite side, in kilometers or miles." }, "density": { "term": "Density (kg/m³ or lbs/ft³)", "text": "The average density (mass divided by volume) of the whole planet (not including the atmosphere for the terrestrial planets) in kilograms per cubic meter or pounds per cubic foot. Strictly speaking pounds are measures of weight, not mass, but are used here to represent the mass of one pound of material under Earth gravity." }, "gravity": { "term": "Gravity (m/s² or ft/s²)", "text": "The gravitational acceleration on the surface at the equator in meters per second squared or feet per second squared, including the effects of rotation. For the gas giant planets the gravity is given at the 1 bar pressure level in the atmosphere. The gravity on Earth is designated as 1 \"G\", so the Earth ratio fact sheets gives the gravity of the other planets in G's." }, "escapeVelocity": { "term": "Escape Velocity (km/s)", "text": "Initial velocity, in kilometers per second or miles per second, needed at the surface (at the 1 bar pressure level for the gas giants) to escape the body's gravitational pull, ignoring atmospheric drag." }, "rotationPeriod": { "term": "Rotation Period (hours)", "text": "This is the time it takes for the planet to complete one rotation relative to the fixed background stars (not relative to the Sun) in hours. Negative numbers indicate retrograde (backwards relative to the Earth) rotation." }, "dayLength": { "term": "Length of Day (hours)", "text": "The average time in hours for the Sun to move from the noon position in the sky at a point on the equator back to the same position." }, "distanceFromSun": { "term": "Distance from Sun (10⁶ km or 10⁶ miles)", "text": "This is the average distance from the planet to the Sun in millions of kilometers or millions of miles, also known as the semi-major axis. All planets have orbits which are elliptical, not perfectly circular, so there is a point in the orbit at which the planet is closest to the Sun, the perihelion, and a point furthest from the Sun, the aphelion. The average distance from the Sun is midway between these two values. The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is defined as 1 Astronomical Unit (AU), so the ratio table gives this distance in AU. * For the Moon, the average distance from the Earth is given." }, "perihelion": { "term": "Perihelion, Aphelion (10⁶ km or 10⁶ miles)", "text": "The closest and furthest points in a planet's orbit about the Sun, see \"Distance from Sun\" above. * For the Moon, the closest and furthest points to Earth are given, known as the \"Perigee\" and \"Apogee\" respectively." }, "aphelion": { "term": "Perihelion, Aphelion (10⁶ km or 10⁶ miles)", "text": "The closest and furthest points in a planet's orbit about the Sun, see \"Distance from Sun\" above. * For the Moon, the closest and furthest points to Earth are given, known as the \"Perigee\" and \"Apogee\" respectively." }, "orbitalPeriod": { "term": "Orbital Period (days)", "text": "This is the time in Earth days for a planet to orbit the Sun from one vernal equinox to the next. Also known as the tropical orbit period, this is equal to a year on Earth. * For the Moon, the sidereal orbit period, the time to orbit once relative to the fixed background stars, is given. The time from full Moon to full Moon, or synodic period, is 29.53 days. For Pluto, the tropical orbit period is not well known, the sidereal orbit period is used." }, "orbitalVelocity": { "term": "Orbital Velocity (km/s or miles/s)", "text": "The average velocity or speed of the planet as it orbits the Sun, in kilometers per second or miles per second. * For the Moon, the average velocity around the Earth is given." }, "orbitalInclination": { "term": "Orbital Inclination (degrees)", "text": "The angle in degrees at which a planets orbit around the Sun is tilted relative to the ecliptic plane. The ecliptic plane is defined as the plane containing the Earth's orbit, so the Earth's inclination is 0." }, "orbitalEccentricity": { "term": "Orbital Eccentricity", "text": "This is a measure of how far a planet's orbit about the Sun (or the Moon's orbit about the Earth) is from being circular. The larger the eccentricity, the more elongated is the orbit, an eccentricity of 0 means the orbit is a perfect circle. There are no units for eccentricity." }, "obliquity": { "term": "Obliquity to Orbit (degrees)", "text": "The angle in degrees the axis of a planet (the imaginary line running through the center of the planet from the north to south poles) is tilted relative to a line perpendicular to the planet's orbit around the Sun, north pole defined by right hand rule. *Venus rotates in a retrograde direction, opposite the other planets, so the tilt is almost 180 degrees, it is considered to be spinning with its \"top\", or north pole pointing \"downward\" (southward). Uranus rotates almost on its side relative to the orbit, Pluto is pointing slightly \"down\". The ratios with Earth refer to the axis without reference to north or south." }, "meanTemperature": { "term": "Mean Temperature (C or F)", "text": "This is the average temperature over the whole planet's surface (or for the gas giants at the one bar level) in degrees C (Celsius or Centigrade) or degrees F (Fahrenheit). For Mercury and the Moon, for example, this is an average over the sunlit (very hot) and dark (very cold) hemispheres and so is not representative of any given region on the planet, and most of the surface is quite different from this average value. As with the Earth, there will tend to be variations in temperature from the equator to the poles, from the day to night sides, and seasonal changes on most of the planets." }, "surfacePressure": { "term": "Surface Pressure (bars or atmospheres)", "text": "This is the atmospheric pressure (the weight of the atmosphere per unit area) at the surface of the planet in bars or atmospheres. *The surfaces of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are deep in the atmosphere and the location and pressures are not known." }, "moons": { "term": "Number of Moons", "text": "This gives the number of IAU officially confirmed moons orbiting the planet. New moons are still being discovered." }, "ringSystem": { "term": "Ring System?", "text": "This tells whether a planet has a set of rings around it, Saturn being the most obvious example." }, "magneticField": { "term": "Global Magnetic Field?", "text": "This tells whether the planet has a measurable large-scale magnetic field. Mars and the Moon have localized regional magnetic fields but no global field." } }, "ratio": { "mass": { "term": "Mass", "text": "This is the mass of the planet compared to the mass of the Earth." }, "diameter": { "term": "Diameter", "text": "The diameter of the planet at the equator, the distance through the center of the planet from one point on the equator to the opposite side, compared to Earth." }, "density": { "term": "Density", "text": "The average density (mass divided by volume) of the whole planet (not including the atmosphere for the terrestrial planets) compared to Earth." }, "gravity": { "term": "Gravity", "text": "The gravitational acceleration at the surface, including rotation, compared to Earth. For the gas giant planets the gravity is given at the 1 bar pressure level in the atmosphere. The gravity on Earth is designated as 1 \"G\", so the Earth ratio fact sheets gives the gravity of the other planets in G's." }, "escapeVelocity": { "term": "Escape Velocity", "text": "Initial velocity, compared to Earth, needed at the surface (at the 1 bar pressure level for the gas giants) to escape the body's gravitational pull, ignoring atmospheric drag." }, "rotationPeriod": { "term": "Rotation Period", "text": "This is the time it takes for the planet to complete one rotation relative to the fixed background stars (not relative to the Sun) compared to Earth. Negative numbers indicate retrograde (backwards relative to the Earth) rotation." }, "dayLength": { "term": "Length of Day", "text": "The average time compared to Earth for the Sun to move from the noon position in the sky at a point on the equator back to the same position." }, "distanceFromSun": { "term": "Distance from Sun", "text": "This is the average distance from the planet to the Sun, also known as the semi-major axis, compared to Earth. All planets have orbits which are elliptical, not perfectly circular, so there is a point in the orbit at which the planet is closest to the Sun, the perihelion, and a point furthest from the Sun, the aphelion. The average distance from the Sun is midway between these two values. The average distance from the Earth to the Sun is defined as 1 Astronomical Unit (AU), so the ratio table gives this distance in AU. * For the Moon, the average distance from the Earth is given." }, "perihelion": { "term": "Perihelion, Aphelion", "text": "The closest and furthest points in a planet's orbit about the Sun, see \"Distance from Sun\" above. * For the Moon, the closest and furthest points to Earth are given, known as the \"Perigee\" and \"Apogee\" respectively." }, "aphelion": { "term": "Perihelion, Aphelion", "text": "The closest and furthest points in a planet's orbit about the Sun, see \"Distance from Sun\" above. * For the Moon, the closest and furthest points to Earth are given, known as the \"Perigee\" and \"Apogee\" respectively." }, "orbitalPeriod": { "term": "Orbital Period", "text": "This is the time compared to Earth for a planet to orbit the Sun from one vernal equinox to the next. Also known as the tropical orbit period, this is equal to a year on Earth. * For the Moon, the sidereal orbit period, the time to orbit once relative to the fixed background stars, is given. The time from full Moon to full Moon, or synodic period, is 29.53 days. For Pluto, the tropical orbit period is not well known, the sidereal orbit period is used." }, "orbitalVelocity": { "term": "Orbital Velocity", "text": "The average velocity or speed of the planet as it orbits the Sun, compared to Earth." }, "orbitalEccentricity": { "term": "Orbital Eccentricity", "text": "This is a measure of how far a planet's orbit about the Sun (or the Moon's orbit about the Earth) is from being circular compared to Earth. The larger the eccentricity, the more elongated is the orbit, an eccentricity of 0 means the orbit is a perfect circle. There are no units for eccentricity." }, "obliquity": { "term": "Axial Tilt", "text": "The angle the axis of a planet (the imaginary line running through the center of the planet from the north to south poles) is tilted relative to a line perpendicular to the planet's orbit around the Sun, compared to Earth. *Venus rotates in a retrograde direction, opposite the other planets, so the tilt is almost 180 degrees, it is considered to be spinning with its \"top\", or north pole pointing \"downward\" (southward). Uranus rotates almost on its side relative to the orbit, Pluto is pointing slightly \"down\". The ratios with Earth refer to the axis without reference to north or south." }, "surfacePressure": { "term": "Surface Pressure", "text": "This is the atmospheric pressure (the weight of the atmosphere per unit area) at the surface of the planet compared to Earth. *The surfaces of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are deep in the atmosphere and the location and pressures are not known." }, "moons": { "term": "Number of Moons", "text": "This gives the number of IAU officially confirmed moons orbiting the planet. New moons are still being discovered." }, "ringSystem": { "term": "Ring System?", "text": "This tells whether a planet has a set of rings around it, Saturn being the most obvious example." }, "magneticField": { "term": "Global Magnetic Field?", "text": "This tells whether the planet has a measurable large-scale magnetic field. Mars and the Moon have localized regional magnetic fields but no global field." } }, "sheet": { "mass": { "term": "Mass (10²⁴ kg)", "text": "Mass of the body in 10^24 kilograms [GM(measured)/G(CODATA 2018 - see below)]" }, "volume": { "term": "Volume (10¹⁰ km³)", "text": "Volume of the body in 10^10 km^3" }, "equatorialRadius": { "term": "Equatorial radius (km)", "text": "Radius of the body at the equator in kilometers" }, "polarRadius": { "term": "Polar radius (km)", "text": "Radius of the body at the poles in kilometers" }, "meanRadius": { "term": "Volumetric mean radius (km)", "text": "Radius of a sphere with the same volume as the body" }, "coreRadius": { "term": "Core radius (km)", "text": "Radius of the planet core in kilometers" }, "flattening": { "term": "Ellipticity (Flattening)", "text": "The ratio (equatorial - polar radius)/(equatorial radius), dimensionless" }, "density": { "term": "Mean density (kg/m³)", "text": "Average density of the body (mass/volume) in kilograms/meter^3" }, "gravity": { "term": "Surface gravity (mean) (m/s²)", "text": "Mean gravitational acceleration at the surface of the body or the 1 bar level, not including the effects of rotation, defined as GM over the square of the volumetric mean radius, in meters/second^2" }, "accelEquator": { "term": "Surface acceleration (eq.) (m/s²)", "text": "Effective equatorial gravitational acceleration at the surface of the body or the 1 bar level, including the effects of rotation, in meters/second^2" }, "accelPole": { "term": "Surface acceleration (pole) (m/s²)", "text": "Effective polar gravitational acceleration at the surface of the body or the 1 bar level, in meters/second^2" }, "escapeVelocity": { "term": "Escape velocity (km/s)", "text": "Initial velocity required to escape the body's gravitational pull in kilometers/second (at equator)" }, "gm": { "term": "GM (x 10⁶ km³/s²)", "text": "Gravitational constant times the mass of the body in 10^6 kilometers^3/seconds^2" }, "geometricAlbedo": { "term": "Geometric albedo", "text": "The ratio of the body's brightness at a phase angle of zero to the brightness of a perfectly diffusing disk with the same position and apparent size, dimensionless. V-band (0.549 micrometers). Earth is highly variable." }, "bondAlbedo": { "term": "Bond albedo", "text": "The fraction of incident solar radiation reflected back into space without absorption, dimensionless. Also called planetary albedo." }, "vMagnitude": { "term": "V-band magnitude V(1,0)", "text": "The magnitude of the body in the V-band (0.549 micrometers) if it were one AU (1.496 x 10^8 kilometers) from the Earth at a phase angle of zero, dimensionless." }, "solarIrradiance": { "term": "Solar irradiance (W/m²)", "text": "Solar energy in Watts/(meter^2) at the distance of the semi-major axis of the body's orbit." }, "blackBodyTemperature": { "term": "Black-body temperature (K)", "text": "Equivalent black body temperature is the surface temperature the body would have if it were in radiative equilibrium and had no atmosphere, but the same albedo, in Kelvin." }, "topographicRange": { "term": "Topographic range (km)", "text": "Difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points on the planet's surface, in kilometers." }, "momentOfInertia": { "term": "Moment of inertia (C/MR²)", "text": "The moment of inertia of the body expressed as the rotational inertia divided by the body's mass x radius^2, where radius^2 = {2(R_equator^2) + R_polar^2}/3. A hollow spherical shell has a moment of inertia of 2/3, a homogeneous sphere 0.4, dimensionless" }, "j2": { "term": "J₂ (x 10⁻⁶)", "text": "The ratio of the difference in the moments of inertia (rotational vs polar) to the mass of the body times the radius^2,(C-A)/(M R^2), x 10^-6, dimensionless" }, "satellites": { "term": "Number of natural satellites", "text": "The number of moons orbiting the planet, as certified by the IAU" }, "semimajorAxis": { "term": "Semimajor axis (10⁶ km)", "text": "Approximate mean distance from the Sun (or other central body in the case of satellites) from center to center in 10^6 kilometers." }, "siderealPeriod": { "term": "Sidereal orbit period (days)", "text": "The time it takes the body to make one revolution about the Sun relative to the fixed stars in days. For Pluto, it is the time from the last zero longitude crossing to the next (24 July 1820 - 2 July 2068)." }, "tropicalPeriod": { "term": "Tropical orbit period (days)", "text": "The average time for the body to make one revolution about the Sun from one point in its seasonal orbit to the equivalent point (e.g. equinox to equinox) in days. For Earth, this equals exactly 1 year. Not known for Pluto." }, "synodicPeriod": { "term": "Synodic period (days)", "text": "The time interval between similar configurations in the orbit (e.g. opposition) of the body and Earth, in days." }, "perihelion": { "term": "Perihelion (10⁶ km)", "text": "The point in a body's orbit closest to the Sun, in 10^6 kilometers." }, "aphelion": { "term": "Aphelion (10⁶ km)", "text": "The point in a body's orbit furthest from the Sun, in 10^6 kilometers." }, "meanOrbitalVelocity": { "term": "Mean orbital velocity (km/s)", "text": "The average speed of the body in elliptical orbit, in kilometers/second." }, "maxOrbitalVelocity": { "term": "Max. orbital velocity (km/s)", "text": "Maximum orbital velocity, at perihelion, in kilometers/second." }, "minOrbitalVelocity": { "term": "Min. orbital velocity (km/s)", "text": "Minimum orbital velocity, at aphelion, in kilometers/second." }, "inclination": { "term": "Orbit inclination (deg)", "text": "The inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic, in degrees. For satellites, this is with respect to the planet's equator." }, "eccentricity": { "term": "Orbit eccentricity", "text": "A measure of the circularity of the orbit, equal to (aphelion - perihelion distance)/(2 x semi-major axis). For the Galilean satellites, the forced eccentricity is given. For a circular orbit eccentricity = 0. Dimensionless." }, "siderealRotation": { "term": "Sidereal rotation period (hrs)", "text": "The time for one rotation of the body on its axis relative to the fixed stars, in hours. A minus sign indicates retrograde rotation." }, "dayLength": { "term": "Length of day (hrs)", "text": "The average time in hours for the Sun to move from the noon position in the sky at a point on the equator back to the same position, on Earth this defines a 24 hour day." }, "obliquity": { "term": "Obliquity to orbit (deg)", "text": "The angle between the body's equator and the body's orbital plane, with north defined by the right-hand rule. (J2000)" }, "equatorInclination": { "term": "Inclination of equator (deg)", "text": "The angle between the equator and orbital plane with north defined as pole axis above (north of) the plane of the solar system, also denoted as axial tilt. (J2000)" }, "ascendingNode": { "term": "Longitude of ascending node (deg)", "text": "The longitude in a body's orbit at which it crosses the ecliptic plane with increasing latitude (i.e. crosses the ecliptic from south to north)." }, "perihelionLongitude": { "term": "Longitude of perihelion (deg)", "text": "The longitude in a body's orbit at which it reaches the point closest to the Sun." }, "meanLongitude": { "term": "Mean longitude (deg)", "text": "The longitude a body was at in its orbit at 12:00 Universal (Greenwich) Time on January 1, 2000, also known as J2000 or Julian Day 2451545.0" }, "dipoleFieldStrength": { "term": "Dipole field strength", "text": "The strength of the dipole portion of the planetary magnetic field outside the planet in Gauss-R^3, where R is in units of planet radius. (Dividing by the distance R^3 gives the field in Gauss)" }, "dipoleTilt": { "term": "Dipole tilt to rotational axis", "text": "Tilt of the dipole axis to the axis of rotation in degrees." }, "dipoleOffset": { "term": "Dipole Offset", "text": "The offset distance of the dipole center to the planet center in units of planet radius." }, "surfaceField": { "term": "Surface field strength", "text": "Range of total field strength at planet radius in Gauss." }, "surfacePressure": { "term": "Surface Pressure", "text": "Atmospheric pressure at the surface, in bars, millibars (mb = 10^-3 bar), or picobars (10^-12 bar)." }, "surfaceDensity": { "term": "Surface Density", "text": "Atmospheric density at the surface in kilograms/meters^3." }, "scaleHeight": { "term": "Scale height", "text": "The height interval in which the atmospheric pressure changes by a factor of e = 2.7183" }, "averageTemperature": { "term": "Average temperature", "text": "Mean temperature of the body over the entire surface in Kelvin." }, "diurnalTemperatureRange": { "term": "Diurnal temperature range", "text": "Temperature range over an average day in Kelvin." }, "windSpeeds": { "term": "Wind speeds", "text": "Near surface wind speeds in meters/second" }, "composition": { "term": "Atmospheric composition", "text": "Relative composition by volume of gasses in the atmosphere." }, "meanMolecularWeight": { "term": "Mean molecular weight", "text": "Mean relative molecular mass of the atmospheric constituents in dalton (= unified atomic mass units), equivalent to grams/mole" }, "compositionByVolume": { "term": "Atmospheric composition (by volume)", "text": "Relative volume of constituents in the atmosphere, by percentage or ppm (parts per million)." } }, "related": [ { "term": "Astronomical Unit (AU)", "text": "The standard distance from the Sun to the Earth = 149,597,870.7 km." }, { "term": "Bar", "text": "A measure of pressure or stress. 1 bar = 10^5 Pascal (Pa) = 10^5 kg m^-1 s^-2" }, { "term": "Ecliptic", "text": "An imaginary plane defined by the Earth's orbit." }, { "term": "Equinox", "text": "The point in a body's orbit when the sub-solar point is exactly on the equator." }, { "term": "Gravitational Constant (G)", "text": "Relates gravitational force to mass, = 6.67430 x 10^-11 meters^3 kilograms^-1 seconds^-2 (CODATA 2018)" }, { "term": "Julian Day (JD)", "text": "The amount of time that has passed, measured in days on the Julian calendar, since noon UT on 1 January 4713 B.C. 1200 UT on 1 January 2000 A.D. is JD 2451545, also referred to as J2000." }, { "term": "Opposition", "text": "An orbital configuration in which two bodies are on exact opposite sides of the Sun or are on the same side of the Sun forming a line with the Sun (neglecting inclination)" }, { "term": "Phase Angle", "text": "The angle between the Earth and Sun as seen from the body." } ], "sources": [ "IAU/IAG Working Group Report, 2006, 2015", "Astronomical Almanac, 2000, 2001, 2020", "Global Earth Physics, American Geophysical Union, 1995", "Astrophysical Quantities, C.W. Allen, 1981, 2000", "JPL Ephemeris DE430/DE431", "IAU bulletins/announcements", "Recent journal articles and personal communications" ], "caveat": "Note that the values listed on the factsheets are not \"official\" values, there is no single set of agreed upon values. They are based on ongoing research and as such are under study and subject to change at any time. Every effort has been made to present the most up-to-date information, but care should be exercised when using these values.", "notes": { "main": [ "The term \"terrestrial planets\" refers to Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Mars, and Pluto.", "The term \"gas giants\" refers to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune." ], "intro": ["Most values listed in the factsheets are from the following sources:"], "orbital": [ "Instantaneous values (semimajor axis, eccentricity, perihelion, aphelion, inclination) of orbit around the Sun for planets referenced to Julian Date 2459000.5 (11 June 2020). [Updated from Julian Date 2451800.5 (13 September 2000) on 22 Dec 2021]" ], "observational": [ "Approximate values for the minimum and maximum distances of the planets from Earth. Orbits fluctuate over time, these values are calculated from the mean orbital elements for J2000 250 year fits and the current orbits referenced to Julian Date 2459000.5 (11 June 2020).", "The planetary diameter used is two times the volumetric mean radius. For Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, diameter is approximately to the visible cloud tops." ], "elements": [ "250-year least squares fit elements referenced to J2000 (Global Earth Physics, p. 14)" ], "subAndSuperscripts": [ "In the explanation of units, we've included a description of the units in the form where, for example, 10^24 equals 10 to the 24 power." ] }, "unkeyed": { "bulk": [ { "term": "Absolute magnitude (Comets)", "text": "The magnitude of the comet at 1 AU for Y = 10, where Y is the photometric parameter giving the observed dependence of the magnitude on heliocentric distance, also designated H(10)." } ], "elements": [ { "term": "Longitude", "text": "The point in a body's orbit around the Sun, defined from 0 to 360 degrees. The 0 point of longitude is defined as the first point of Aries. This is the position of the Sun as seen from Earth at Earth's vernal equinox, so at the vernal equinox the Earth is at a longitude of 180 degrees." } ] } } }